[PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[Peter Müller]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 3277 bytes --]

Show rDNS/PTR entry and country flag of the used nameservers on the
nameserver status list at "netexternal.cgi".

These information might be useful for debugging, or are just "nice to
have" and do not harm anything. :-)

Changes since v1: Corrected file link to country.cgi and added title to flag.
Please disregard the first version of this patch.

Signed-off-by: Peter Müller <peter.mueller(a)link38.eu>
---
diff --git a/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi b/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi
index 299612d4c..6fe0cc7d6 100644
--- a/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi
+++ b/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi
@@ -25,9 +25,13 @@ use strict;
 #use warnings;
 #use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
 
+use IO::Socket;
+use Geo::IP::PurePerl;
+
 require '/var/ipfire/general-functions.pl';
 require "${General::swroot}/lang.pl";
 require "${General::swroot}/header.pl";
+require "${General::swroot}/geoip-functions.pl";
 require "${General::swroot}/graphs.pl";
 
 my %color = ();
@@ -99,6 +103,12 @@ if ( $querry[0] ne~ ""){
 						<strong>$Lang::tr{'nameserver'}</strong>
 					</th>
 					<th align="center">
+						<strong>$Lang::tr{'flag'}</strong>
+					</th>
+					<th align="center">
+						<strong>$Lang::tr{'rdns'}</strong>
+					</th>
+					<th align="center">
 						<strong>$Lang::tr{'status'}</strong>
 					</th>
 				</tr>
@@ -139,9 +149,22 @@ END
 
 		my $table_colour = ($id++ % 2) ? $color{'color22'} : $color{'color20'};
 
+		# Get rDNS entry for nameserver (might be useful)
+		my $iaddr = inet_aton($nameserver);
+		my $rdns = gethostbyaddr($iaddr, AF_INET);
+	        if (!$rdns) { $rdns = $Lang::tr{'lookup failed'}; }
+		
+		# Get country flag for the nameserver (might be useful)
+		my $gi = Geo::IP::PurePerl->new();
+	        my $ccode = $gi->country_code_by_name($nameserver);
+       		my $fcode = lc($ccode);
+	        my $flag_icon = &GeoIP::get_flag_icon($fcode);
+
 		print <<END;
 			<tr bgcolor="$table_colour">
 				<td>$nameserver</td>
+				<td align="center"><a href="country.cgi#$fcode"><img src="$flag_icon" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="$ccode" title="$ccode"></a></td>	
+				<td>$rdns</td>
 				<td bgcolor="$bgcolour" align="center">
 					<font color="$colour"><strong>$message</strong></font>
 				</td>
@@ -271,3 +294,4 @@ sub check_dnssec($$) {
 
 	return $aware + $validating;
 }
+
diff --git a/langs/de/cgi-bin/de.pl b/langs/de/cgi-bin/de.pl
index 0138cbc02..a63eb3160 100644
--- a/langs/de/cgi-bin/de.pl
+++ b/langs/de/cgi-bin/de.pl
@@ -1902,6 +1902,7 @@
 'quick playlist' => 'Quick Playlist',
 'ram' => 'RAM-Speicher',
 'random number generator daemon' => 'Random Number Generator Daemon',
+'rdns' => 'rDNS',
 'read bytes' => 'Gelesene Bytes',
 'read list' => 'Liste der Leseberechtigten',
 'real address' => 'Reale Addresse',
diff --git a/langs/en/cgi-bin/en.pl b/langs/en/cgi-bin/en.pl
index b3aee5a2b..13c18f4c8 100644
--- a/langs/en/cgi-bin/en.pl
+++ b/langs/en/cgi-bin/en.pl
@@ -1936,6 +1936,7 @@
 'quick playlist' => 'Quick Playlist',
 'ram' => 'RAM',
 'random number generator daemon' => 'Random Number Generator Daemon',
+'rdns' => 'rDNS',
 'read bytes' => 'Read Bytes',
 'read list' => 'list with readonly hosts',
 'real address' => 'Real Address',

Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[Matthias Fischer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 357 bytes --]

Hi,

On 08.09.2017 19:58, Peter Müller wrote:
> ...
> Please disregard the first version of this patch.
> ...

You can do this on your own:

E.g.: Log in to http://patchwork.ipfire.org/project/ipfire/list/, mark
http://patchwork.ipfire.org/patch/1414/ as "superseded" (bottom of page:
'Change state' to anything you like) and apply changes.

HTH,
Matthias

Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[Peter Müller]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 855 bytes --]

Hello Matthias,

thanks for the reply and the link to patchwork.

I did not use it since the login page transmits credentials
in plain text, and HTTPS seems to be broken on that page.

When you enter https://patchwork.ipfire.org/, there is a
CA warning and then the server redirects to http://www.ipfire.org/.
Strange. :-)

But I would be happy to mark the patch obsolete on my own,
since it saves time and effort for the developers.

Best regards,
Peter Müller

> Hi,
> 
> On 08.09.2017 19:58, Peter Müller wrote:
> > ...
> > Please disregard the first version of this patch.
> > ...  
> 
> You can do this on your own:
> 
> E.g.: Log in to http://patchwork.ipfire.org/project/ipfire/list/, mark
> http://patchwork.ipfire.org/patch/1414/ as "superseded" (bottom of page:
> 'Change state' to anything you like) and apply changes.
> 
> HTH,
> Matthias

Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[Matthias Fischer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 705 bytes --]

Hi Peter,

On 12.09.2017 06:38, Peter Müller wrote:
> thanks for the reply and the link to patchwork.

You're welcome... ;-)

> I did not use it since the login page transmits credentials
> in plain text, and HTTPS seems to be broken on that page.

Confirmed. While writing to you, I used
http://patchwork.ipfire.org/project/ipfire/list/. This worked.

> When you enter https://patchwork.ipfire.org/, there is a
> CA warning and then the server redirects to http://www.ipfire.org/.
> Strange. :-)

As I wrote: confirmed.

> But I would be happy to mark the patch obsolete on my own,
> since it saves time and effort for the developers.

Could someone of these please take a look at this?

Best,
Matthias

Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[Michael Tremer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1007 bytes --]

Hi,

On Tue, 2017-09-12 at 18:26 +0200, Matthias Fischer wrote:
> Hi Peter,
> 
> On 12.09.2017 06:38, Peter Müller wrote:
> > thanks for the reply and the link to patchwork.
> 
> You're welcome... ;-)
> 
> > I did not use it since the login page transmits credentials
> > in plain text, and HTTPS seems to be broken on that page.
> 
> Confirmed. While writing to you, I used
> http://patchwork.ipfire.org/project/ipfire/list/. This worked.
> 
> > When you enter https://patchwork.ipfire.org/, there is a
> > CA warning and then the server redirects to http://www.ipfire.org/.
> > Strange. :-)
> 
> As I wrote: confirmed.
> 
> > But I would be happy to mark the patch obsolete on my own,
> > since it saves time and effort for the developers.
> 
> Could someone of these please take a look at this?

You mean moving this to HTTPS? Yes. I have that on my list.

Unfortunately I am still not a huge fan of Let's Encrypt. So anyone in
favour or against using our own CA?

Best,
-Michael

> 
> Best,
> Matthias

[-- Attachment #2: signature.asc --]
[-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --]

Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[Matthias Fischer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 491 bytes --]

Hi Michael,

On 14.09.2017 22:41, Michael Tremer wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> On Tue, 2017-09-12 at 18:26 +0200, Matthias Fischer wrote:
>> Hi Peter,
>> 
>> On 12.09.2017 06:38, Peter Müller wrote:
>> ...

>> ...

>> Could someone of these please take a look at this?
> 
> You mean moving this to HTTPS? Yes. I have that on my list.
> 
> Unfortunately I am still not a huge fan of Let's Encrypt. So anyone in
> favour or against using our own CA?

No. ;-)

> Best,
> -Michael
> 
>> 

Best,
Matthias

CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org (was: Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers)

[Peter Müller]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 3984 bytes --]

Hello Michael, hello Matthias,

a few thoughts on this from me:

(1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
default would be a huge security benefit.

Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)

Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
by a MITM.

Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/,
but that is another issue.

(2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
to have here.

On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
certificate signing company.

Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
on *.ipfire.org.

On the other hand, there are two points against it:
(a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
nearly every user will see a certificate warning.

Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.

So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.

Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
to store the exception permanently.

In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
an the attacker won.

To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.

Nobody will do so.

(b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
for public web services:

As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
(DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
off business by their customers or the web browser developers.

You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
belongs to the person who claims so.

In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:
- DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)
- CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
some day)
- HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)
- HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
[Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)

Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
mentioned methods are implemented.

Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
means that there will be no security breaches like in case
of DigiNotar.

To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
making it easier to deploy HTTPS.

Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.

Best regards,
Peter Müller

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org (was: Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers)

[Michael Tremer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 6068 bytes --]

Hi,

On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> 
> a few thoughts on this from me:
> 
> (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> default would be a huge security benefit.
> 
> Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> 
> Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> by a MITM.
> 
> Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/,
> but that is another issue.

Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
  https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345

> (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> to have here.
> 
> On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> certificate signing company.

Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have a
commercial interest and that is it.

> Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> on *.ipfire.org.

We do this.

http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now

> On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> nearly every user will see a certificate warning.

Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that can
show an icon and that's it.

We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
signed certificate.

> Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.

I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts some
big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.

Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in the
money.

> So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.

Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.

> Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> to store the exception permanently.
> 
> In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> an the attacker won.
> 
> To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> 
> Nobody will do so.

Agreed.

> (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> for public web services:

I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's Encrypt
can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail server,
etc.

> As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> off business by their customers or the web browser developers.

So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job? Just
because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?

> You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> belongs to the person who claims so.
> 
> In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:

So let's split all of this:

> - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)

We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be replaced
very very quickly.

> - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
> some day)

I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is not a
big thing. Will do that soon.

> - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)

Who wants to take care of this?

> - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)

Same.

And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?

> Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> mentioned methods are implemented.

LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.

> Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> of DigiNotar.

I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have been
trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other things
and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in spending
the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as: They
are not worse than those.

> To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> making it easier to deploy HTTPS.

Let's do it then.

I need some support here, because I am running out of time.

> Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> 
> Best regards,
> Peter Müller

-Michael

[-- Attachment #2: signature.asc --]
[-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --]

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org (was: Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers)

[Peter Müller]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 9639 bytes --]

Hello Michael,

> Hi,
> 
> On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> > 
> > a few thoughts on this from me:
> > 
> > (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> > my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> > default would be a huge security benefit.
> > 
> > Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> > 
> > Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> > case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> > in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> > by a MITM.
> > 
> > Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/,
> > but that is another issue.  
> 
> Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
>   https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345
Thanks for the ticket link.
> 
> > (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> > to have here.
> > 
> > On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> > nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> > certificate signing company.  
> 
> Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have a
> commercial interest and that is it.
> 
> > Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> > which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> > on *.ipfire.org.  
> 
> We do this.
> 
> http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now
I forgot that. Unfortunately, at the moment, "only" mail servers
benefit from this (see below).
> 
> > On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> > (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> > certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> > nearly every user will see a certificate warning.  
> 
> Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that can
> show an icon and that's it.
> 
> We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
> signed certificate.
As far as I am concerned, there are two different approaches to TLS:

(a) If you are running a mail server, TLS is mostly used in opportunistic
mode, and certificates are not that important. The idea behind this
is to prevent plaintext transport of e-mails, that's why so many big
MX still support weak ciphers such as 3DES. (Personally, I am not a
fan of opportunistic TLS since it only protects against passive attackers
and one has to use ancient algorithms. At least RC4-MD5 finally
disappeared...)

So, a self-signed certificate for a MX is no problem - at least, not
a big one. Only a few MX actually ask for a client certificate, and even
less systems are configured to present any.

(b) Web browsers have a completely different view on this: They first
check the certificate against the DNS name, and if they match, encryption
can be started. On the other hand, in case they see an untrusted certificate
for whatever reason, everything becomes bad very quickly.

Integrity is much more important here in order to protect the users
against active (MITM) attackers.

Because of this, I would prefer certs signed by well-known CAs for public
web sites.

> 
> > Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> > web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> > DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> > rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.  
> 
> I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts some
> big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.
Partly I think. DANE depends on DNSSEC, and I remember some user complaints
that their ISPs filter DNS queries to external name servers without
using it on their own systems.
> 
> Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in the
> money.
Without being very deep into this, I assume you are right.
> 
> > So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> > IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.  
> 
> Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.
> 
> > Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> > actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> > a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> > certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> > to store the exception permanently.
> > 
> > In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> > the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> > identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> > user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> > an the attacker won.
> > 
> > To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> > against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> > 
> > Nobody will do so.  
> 
> Agreed.
> 
> > (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> > having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> > for public web services:  
> 
> I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's Encrypt
> can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail server,
> etc.
This depends on the actual network (especially DNS) configuration.
If the server does not have a public IP, but is configured in the DNS,
LE can validate it without a direct connection:
- https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/cert-for-intranet/6337/4 
- https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/on-the-state-of-the-dns-01-challenge/4805
> 
> > As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> > companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> > (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> > off business by their customers or the web browser developers.  
> 
> So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job? Just
> because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?
> 
> > You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> > belongs to the person who claims so.
> > 
> > In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> > what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> > private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> > browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:  
> 
> So let's split all of this:
> 
> > - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)  
> 
> We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
> sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be replaced
> very very quickly.
I remember a trick here: If you do not rotate the private key every
time LE's signature expires, the public one also stays the same -
and the TLSA record does not need to be changed.

Can't find the link right now...
> 
> > - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> > certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
> > some day)  
> 
> I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is not a
> big thing. Will do that soon.
Thanks.
> 
> > - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)  
> 
> Who wants to take care of this?
Actually, HSTS is quite easy to deploy since it only tells web browsers
to enforce TLS on a certain site. So, if there are no dependencies
(unencrypted external resources, ad servers, ...), you can just set it
up and forget it. :-)
> 
> > - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> > [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)  
> 
> Same.
Indeed, HPKP is more complicated, it is like DANE without DNS.
Further, some security experts (such as Ivan Ristic) argue that
it might become dangerous in case of misconfiguration.
> 
> And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?
> 
> > Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> > a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> > mentioned methods are implemented.  
> 
> LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.
"Going out of business" was relating to CAs, not to IPFire. But
yes, it would be very sad if this project disappears.
> 
> > Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> > they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> > Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> > EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> > means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> > of DigiNotar.  
> 
> I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have been
> trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other things
> and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in spending
> the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as: They
> are not worse than those.
I don't want to fight either; but I am afraid I did not fully
understand your point concerning the trust/distrust of public CAs
(except for obvious reasons like security breaches).
> 
> > To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> > not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> > browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> > making it easier to deploy HTTPS.  
> 
> Let's do it then.
All right. :-)
> 
> I need some support here, because I am running out of time.
Which web server are you running? At the moment, I am only using
Apache and could provide some support here.

Best regards,
Peter Müller
> 
> > Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> > 
> > Best regards,
> > Peter Müller  
> 
> -Michael

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org

[Michael Tremer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 13036 bytes --]

Hello altogether,

to bring some movement into this I went ahead and installed Let's Encrypt
certificates pretty much everywhere (with exception of the internal services
like LDAP).

There you have it. I did it. I bit the bullet.

It literally took me days since we have so many subdomains and I issued one
certificate per domain which makes it easier to renew and revoke them if needed.
They also throttled me to only issue a small number of certificates per week.

But in summary these things have changed (I would like to get some feedback from
you since you all have probably a little bit more experience with a few things
than I have):

* LE deployed for all web services with the exception of boot.ipfire.org and
fireinfo.

iPXE doesn't really support HTTPS that well and I shipped a new version of it
that at least downloads some certificates (although it cannot really validate
them - it can only check than a CA exists I think).

Same with fireinfo. I have no idea if the profiles can be sent properly over
HTTPS without touching the client first.

* LE deployed on mail01.i.ipfire.org (Postfix + Dovecot)

* LE deployed on im01.i.ipfire.org which runs Prosody, our XMPP server

* I enabled HSTS for all web services since all of them are forcing the browser
to use HTTPS.

* We only allow TLS 1.2 for web.

* Since everything is on SSL now, I also enabled HTTP/2.0.

* I also enabled OCSP stapling.

The nginx configuration file looks as follows:

  # Enable TLS 1.2 only
  ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;

  # Enable protection against BEAST attacks
  ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
  ssl_ciphers "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-
  ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-
  SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-
  SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256";

  # Enable session caching
  ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
  ssl_session_timeout 1d;

  # Enable Certificate Stapling
  ssl_stapling on;
  ssl_stapling_verify on;
  resolver 172.28.1.1;

  # HSTS (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
  add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;

This is inspired by the Mozilla recommendations.

So please guys, have a test. I am quite sure that although this is quite a
"modern" configuration all recent web browsers should work fine. If you are on
IE6, you are fucked. Tough luck.

But if you find anything that should work, please let me know. You can also run
some scanners against it and see what happens. I did a few and they show A+
rating which is what we are looking for.

Anything that I have forgotten to enable which could benefit security?

Looking for your input :)

Best,
-Michael

On Mon, 2017-09-25 at 17:48 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> Hello Michael,
> 
> > Hi,
> > 
> > On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > > Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> > > 
> > > a few thoughts on this from me:
> > > 
> > > (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> > > my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> > > default would be a huge security benefit.
> > > 
> > > Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> > > 
> > > Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> > > case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> > > in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> > > by a MITM.
> > > 
> > > Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/,
> > > but that is another issue.  
> > 
> > Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
> >   https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345
> 
> Thanks for the ticket link.
> > 
> > > (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> > > to have here.
> > > 
> > > On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> > > nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> > > certificate signing company.  
> > 
> > Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have a
> > commercial interest and that is it.
> > 
> > > Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> > > which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> > > on *.ipfire.org.  
> > 
> > We do this.
> > 
> > http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now
> 
> I forgot that. Unfortunately, at the moment, "only" mail servers
> benefit from this (see below).
> > 
> > > On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> > > (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> > > certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> > > nearly every user will see a certificate warning.  
> > 
> > Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that can
> > show an icon and that's it.
> > 
> > We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
> > signed certificate.
> 
> As far as I am concerned, there are two different approaches to TLS:
> 
> (a) If you are running a mail server, TLS is mostly used in opportunistic
> mode, and certificates are not that important. The idea behind this
> is to prevent plaintext transport of e-mails, that's why so many big
> MX still support weak ciphers such as 3DES. (Personally, I am not a
> fan of opportunistic TLS since it only protects against passive attackers
> and one has to use ancient algorithms. At least RC4-MD5 finally
> disappeared...)
> 
> So, a self-signed certificate for a MX is no problem - at least, not
> a big one. Only a few MX actually ask for a client certificate, and even
> less systems are configured to present any.
> 
> (b) Web browsers have a completely different view on this: They first
> check the certificate against the DNS name, and if they match, encryption
> can be started. On the other hand, in case they see an untrusted certificate
> for whatever reason, everything becomes bad very quickly.
> 
> Integrity is much more important here in order to protect the users
> against active (MITM) attackers.
> 
> Because of this, I would prefer certs signed by well-known CAs for public
> web sites.
> 
> > 
> > > Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> > > web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> > > DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> > > rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.  
> > 
> > I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts some
> > big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.
> 
> Partly I think. DANE depends on DNSSEC, and I remember some user complaints
> that their ISPs filter DNS queries to external name servers without
> using it on their own systems.
> > 
> > Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in the
> > money.
> 
> Without being very deep into this, I assume you are right.
> > 
> > > So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> > > IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.  
> > 
> > Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.
> > 
> > > Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> > > actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> > > a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> > > certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> > > to store the exception permanently.
> > > 
> > > In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> > > the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> > > identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> > > user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> > > an the attacker won.
> > > 
> > > To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> > > against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> > > 
> > > Nobody will do so.  
> > 
> > Agreed.
> > 
> > > (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> > > having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> > > for public web services:  
> > 
> > I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's Encrypt
> > can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail server,
> > etc.
> 
> This depends on the actual network (especially DNS) configuration.
> If the server does not have a public IP, but is configured in the DNS,
> LE can validate it without a direct connection:
> - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/cert-for-intranet/6337/4 
> - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/on-the-state-of-the-dns-01-challenge/480
> 5
> > 
> > > As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> > > companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> > > (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> > > off business by their customers or the web browser developers.  
> > 
> > So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job? Just
> > because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?
> > 
> > > You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> > > belongs to the person who claims so.
> > > 
> > > In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> > > what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> > > private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> > > browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:  
> > 
> > So let's split all of this:
> > 
> > > - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)  
> > 
> > We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
> > sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be replaced
> > very very quickly.
> 
> I remember a trick here: If you do not rotate the private key every
> time LE's signature expires, the public one also stays the same -
> and the TLSA record does not need to be changed.
> 
> Can't find the link right now...
> > 
> > > - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> > > certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
> > > some day)  
> > 
> > I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is not a
> > big thing. Will do that soon.
> 
> Thanks.
> > 
> > > - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)  
> > 
> > Who wants to take care of this?
> 
> Actually, HSTS is quite easy to deploy since it only tells web browsers
> to enforce TLS on a certain site. So, if there are no dependencies
> (unencrypted external resources, ad servers, ...), you can just set it
> up and forget it. :-)
> > 
> > > - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> > > [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)  
> > 
> > Same.
> 
> Indeed, HPKP is more complicated, it is like DANE without DNS.
> Further, some security experts (such as Ivan Ristic) argue that
> it might become dangerous in case of misconfiguration.
> > 
> > And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?
> > 
> > > Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> > > a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> > > mentioned methods are implemented.  
> > 
> > LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.
> 
> "Going out of business" was relating to CAs, not to IPFire. But
> yes, it would be very sad if this project disappears.
> > 
> > > Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> > > they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> > > Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> > > EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> > > means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> > > of DigiNotar.  
> > 
> > I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have been
> > trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other things
> > and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in spending
> > the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as: They
> > are not worse than those.
> 
> I don't want to fight either; but I am afraid I did not fully
> understand your point concerning the trust/distrust of public CAs
> (except for obvious reasons like security breaches).
> > 
> > > To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> > > not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> > > browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> > > making it easier to deploy HTTPS.  
> > 
> > Let's do it then.
> 
> All right. :-)
> > 
> > I need some support here, because I am running out of time.
> 
> Which web server are you running? At the moment, I am only using
> Apache and could provide some support here.
> 
> Best regards,
> Peter Müller
> > 
> > > Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> > > 
> > > Best regards,
> > > Peter Müller  
> > 
> > -Michael
> 
> 

[-- Attachment #2: signature.asc --]
[-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --]

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org

[Peter Müller]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 16990 bytes --]

Hello Michael,

> Hello altogether,
> 
> to bring some movement into this I went ahead and installed Let's Encrypt
> certificates pretty much everywhere (with exception of the internal services
> like LDAP).
> 
> There you have it. I did it. I bit the bullet.
Thank you very much. :-) I really appreciate this.
> 
> It literally took me days since we have so many subdomains and I issued one
> certificate per domain which makes it easier to renew and revoke them if needed.
> They also throttled me to only issue a small number of certificates per week.
> 
> But in summary these things have changed (I would like to get some feedback from
> you since you all have probably a little bit more experience with a few things
> than I have):
> 
> * LE deployed for all web services with the exception of boot.ipfire.org and
> fireinfo.
> 
> iPXE doesn't really support HTTPS that well and I shipped a new version of it
> that at least downloads some certificates (although it cannot really validate
> them - it can only check than a CA exists I think).
Hmmm, that is not very good - of course, everything is better than plaintext,
but without validating the certificates...

How widely is iPXE used?
> 
> Same with fireinfo. I have no idea if the profiles can be sent properly over
> HTTPS without touching the client first.
I guess we need to implement that in the clients first. At the moment I am quite
busy reworking some broken patches and other stuff, but will have a look at that
occasionally.

Using HTTPS on fireinfo an mirrors might be a good idea since a (even passive)
attacker can see a lot of information by simply looking at the network traffic
(Which version is the firewall running? Which architecture and network zones
are in use? And so on.)

Just as a side note: Validating this traffic against DANE records would be nice. :-)
> 
> * LE deployed on mail01.i.ipfire.org (Postfix + Dovecot)
Yep, seems to work.

However, a client certificate in Postfix is still missing:

Received: from mail01.ipfire.org (mail01.ipfire.org [81.3.27.42])
	(using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits))
-->	(Client did not present a certificate) <--
	[etc.]

In your main.cf, it can be enabled by using:

smtp_tls_cert_file = /Path/to/your/certificate
smtp_tls_key_file = /Path/to/your/private/key

You might want not only to query client certificates, but also validate
them. To do so, use:

smtpd_tls_CAfile = /Path/to/certificate/block

This requires all trusted intermediate certificates to be put together
in one file, as far as I can remember.

(See http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#smtpd_tls_CAfile for details)

I did not test the mail server's cipherlist, but I hope it is secure for
both SMTP server and client. :-)
> 
> * LE deployed on im01.i.ipfire.org which runs Prosody, our XMPP server
> 
> * I enabled HSTS for all web services since all of them are forcing the browser
> to use HTTPS.
How about the IPFire mirrors? If one of them (i.e. "mirror1.ipfire.org") supports
HTTPS, are the systems following the 30x redirects? In the future maybe hardcoding
the protocol might be a good idea: If a mirror supports HTTPS, we use it there.

But that is only a minor thing.

In general, HSTS is very nice to have here. :-)
> 
> * We only allow TLS 1.2 for web.
It seems like the key size is 2048 bits. Although this is not critical, I would
recommend to move to 4096 bits at the next key rollover.

Let's Encrypt announced to support ECDSA in early 2018, so at that time we could
also use dual-stack RSA and ECDSA, as we are doing with IPFire in Core Update 115.
> 
> * Since everything is on SSL now, I also enabled HTTP/2.0.
> 
> * I also enabled OCSP stapling.
Excellent.
> 
> The nginx configuration file looks as follows:
> 
>   # Enable TLS 1.2 only
>   ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
> 
>   # Enable protection against BEAST attacks
>   ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
>   ssl_ciphers "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-
>   ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-
>   SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-
>   SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256";
Apparently there is an issue here: SSL Labs does not display the Chacha/Poly cipher.
Perhaps nginx is linked against OpenSSL 1.0.x ?

I am not sure if we should prioritise this cipher suite over AES since it is safe
too, but seems to faster on devices without AES-NI and a small CPU, such as
Android smartphones. Decision is up to you.
> 
>   # Enable session caching
>   ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
>   ssl_session_timeout 1d;
> 
>   # Enable Certificate Stapling
>   ssl_stapling on;
>   ssl_stapling_verify on;
>   resolver 172.28.1.1;
> 
>   # HSTS (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
>   add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
> 
> This is inspired by the Mozilla recommendations.
> 
> So please guys, have a test. I am quite sure that although this is quite a
> "modern" configuration all recent web browsers should work fine. If you are on
> IE6, you are fucked. Tough luck.
Yes, I think supporting legacy clients is not a very good idea. Of course, there
are some scenarios where you must do so (big company website, or anything else),
but for this, I consider it safe.

Food for thoughts: Is there anything against updating OpenSSL to 1.1.x in IPFire?
That way, we could also use Chacha/Poly there and disable TLS 1.0, but I am not
sure how many clients will be broken by this.
> 
> But if you find anything that should work, please let me know. You can also run
> some scanners against it and see what happens. I did a few and they show A+
> rating which is what we are looking for.
> 
> Anything that I have forgotten to enable which could benefit security?
Not that I am aware of at the moment (besides the stuff mentioned above). Great job!

Best regards,
Peter Müller
> 
> Looking for your input :)
> 
> Best,
> -Michael
> 
> On Mon, 2017-09-25 at 17:48 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > Hello Michael,
> >   
> > > Hi,
> > > 
> > > On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:  
> > > > Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> > > > 
> > > > a few thoughts on this from me:
> > > > 
> > > > (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> > > > my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> > > > default would be a huge security benefit.
> > > > 
> > > > Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> > > > 
> > > > Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> > > > case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> > > > in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> > > > by a MITM.
> > > > 
> > > > Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/,
> > > > but that is another issue.    
> > > 
> > > Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
> > >   https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345  
> > 
> > Thanks for the ticket link.  
> > >   
> > > > (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> > > > to have here.
> > > > 
> > > > On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> > > > nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> > > > certificate signing company.    
> > > 
> > > Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have a
> > > commercial interest and that is it.
> > >   
> > > > Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> > > > which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> > > > on *.ipfire.org.    
> > > 
> > > We do this.
> > > 
> > > http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now  
> > 
> > I forgot that. Unfortunately, at the moment, "only" mail servers
> > benefit from this (see below).  
> > >   
> > > > On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> > > > (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> > > > certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> > > > nearly every user will see a certificate warning.    
> > > 
> > > Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that can
> > > show an icon and that's it.
> > > 
> > > We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
> > > signed certificate.  
> > 
> > As far as I am concerned, there are two different approaches to TLS:
> > 
> > (a) If you are running a mail server, TLS is mostly used in opportunistic
> > mode, and certificates are not that important. The idea behind this
> > is to prevent plaintext transport of e-mails, that's why so many big
> > MX still support weak ciphers such as 3DES. (Personally, I am not a
> > fan of opportunistic TLS since it only protects against passive attackers
> > and one has to use ancient algorithms. At least RC4-MD5 finally
> > disappeared...)
> > 
> > So, a self-signed certificate for a MX is no problem - at least, not
> > a big one. Only a few MX actually ask for a client certificate, and even
> > less systems are configured to present any.
> > 
> > (b) Web browsers have a completely different view on this: They first
> > check the certificate against the DNS name, and if they match, encryption
> > can be started. On the other hand, in case they see an untrusted certificate
> > for whatever reason, everything becomes bad very quickly.
> > 
> > Integrity is much more important here in order to protect the users
> > against active (MITM) attackers.
> > 
> > Because of this, I would prefer certs signed by well-known CAs for public
> > web sites.
> >   
> > >   
> > > > Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> > > > web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> > > > DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> > > > rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.    
> > > 
> > > I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts some
> > > big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.  
> > 
> > Partly I think. DANE depends on DNSSEC, and I remember some user complaints
> > that their ISPs filter DNS queries to external name servers without
> > using it on their own systems.  
> > > 
> > > Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in the
> > > money.  
> > 
> > Without being very deep into this, I assume you are right.  
> > >   
> > > > So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> > > > IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.    
> > > 
> > > Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.
> > >   
> > > > Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> > > > actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> > > > a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> > > > certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> > > > to store the exception permanently.
> > > > 
> > > > In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> > > > the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> > > > identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> > > > user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> > > > an the attacker won.
> > > > 
> > > > To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> > > > against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> > > > 
> > > > Nobody will do so.    
> > > 
> > > Agreed.
> > >   
> > > > (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> > > > having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> > > > for public web services:    
> > > 
> > > I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's Encrypt
> > > can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail server,
> > > etc.  
> > 
> > This depends on the actual network (especially DNS) configuration.
> > If the server does not have a public IP, but is configured in the DNS,
> > LE can validate it without a direct connection:
> > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/cert-for-intranet/6337/4 
> > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/on-the-state-of-the-dns-01-challenge/480
> > 5  
> > >   
> > > > As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> > > > companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> > > > (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> > > > off business by their customers or the web browser developers.    
> > > 
> > > So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job? Just
> > > because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?
> > >   
> > > > You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> > > > belongs to the person who claims so.
> > > > 
> > > > In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> > > > what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> > > > private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> > > > browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:    
> > > 
> > > So let's split all of this:
> > >   
> > > > - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)    
> > > 
> > > We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
> > > sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be replaced
> > > very very quickly.  
> > 
> > I remember a trick here: If you do not rotate the private key every
> > time LE's signature expires, the public one also stays the same -
> > and the TLSA record does not need to be changed.
> > 
> > Can't find the link right now...  
> > >   
> > > > - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> > > > certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
> > > > some day)    
> > > 
> > > I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is not a
> > > big thing. Will do that soon.  
> > 
> > Thanks.  
> > >   
> > > > - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)    
> > > 
> > > Who wants to take care of this?  
> > 
> > Actually, HSTS is quite easy to deploy since it only tells web browsers
> > to enforce TLS on a certain site. So, if there are no dependencies
> > (unencrypted external resources, ad servers, ...), you can just set it
> > up and forget it. :-)  
> > >   
> > > > - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> > > > [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)    
> > > 
> > > Same.  
> > 
> > Indeed, HPKP is more complicated, it is like DANE without DNS.
> > Further, some security experts (such as Ivan Ristic) argue that
> > it might become dangerous in case of misconfiguration.  
> > > 
> > > And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?
> > >   
> > > > Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> > > > a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> > > > mentioned methods are implemented.    
> > > 
> > > LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.  
> > 
> > "Going out of business" was relating to CAs, not to IPFire. But
> > yes, it would be very sad if this project disappears.  
> > >   
> > > > Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> > > > they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> > > > Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> > > > EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> > > > means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> > > > of DigiNotar.    
> > > 
> > > I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have been
> > > trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other things
> > > and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in spending
> > > the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as: They
> > > are not worse than those.  
> > 
> > I don't want to fight either; but I am afraid I did not fully
> > understand your point concerning the trust/distrust of public CAs
> > (except for obvious reasons like security breaches).  
> > >   
> > > > To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> > > > not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> > > > browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> > > > making it easier to deploy HTTPS.    
> > > 
> > > Let's do it then.  
> > 
> > All right. :-)  
> > > 
> > > I need some support here, because I am running out of time.  
> > 
> > Which web server are you running? At the moment, I am only using
> > Apache and could provide some support here.
> > 
> > Best regards,
> > Peter Müller  
> > >   
> > > > Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> > > > 
> > > > Best regards,
> > > > Peter Müller    
> > > 
> > > -Michael  
> > 
> >   

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org

[Michael Tremer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 22171 bytes --]

Thanks for the input. Let's go through it bit by bit...

On Wed, 2017-10-25 at 22:12 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> Hello Michael,
> 
> > Hello altogether,
> > 
> > to bring some movement into this I went ahead and installed Let's Encrypt
> > certificates pretty much everywhere (with exception of the internal services
> > like LDAP).
> > 
> > There you have it. I did it. I bit the bullet.
> 
> Thank you very much. :-) I really appreciate this.
> > 
> > It literally took me days since we have so many subdomains and I issued one
> > certificate per domain which makes it easier to renew and revoke them if
> > needed.
> > They also throttled me to only issue a small number of certificates per
> > week.
> > 
> > But in summary these things have changed (I would like to get some feedback
> > from
> > you since you all have probably a little bit more experience with a few
> > things
> > than I have):
> > 
> > * LE deployed for all web services with the exception of boot.ipfire.org and
> > fireinfo.
> > 
> > iPXE doesn't really support HTTPS that well and I shipped a new version of
> > it
> > that at least downloads some certificates (although it cannot really
> > validate
> > them - it can only check than a CA exists I think).
> 
> Hmmm, that is not very good - of course, everything is better than plaintext,
> but without validating the certificates...
> 
> How widely is iPXE used?

Loads of people use it. Probably every VM runs it :)

I enabled this: http://ipxe.org/cfg/crosscert

https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/ipfire-netboot.git/commit/?id=871fc3184ad5ece1633833f169e771629306ed94

I just found out that is has cross-signed all CAs in that folder with their own
CA that is baked into the image, so they can verify if the CA they downloaded is
actually trusted or not. It's not perfect, but I think it is good enough.

It is possible to bake in a CA into the image, but I didn't want to set it to LE
and nothing else and there is not enough space in the image to import the usual
CA bundle. I think the final image cannot be larger than 1M and the current
IPFire CA bundle that we ship is about 700k.

http://ipxe.org/crypto

> > 
> > Same with fireinfo. I have no idea if the profiles can be sent properly over
> > HTTPS without touching the client first.
> 
> I guess we need to implement that in the clients first. At the moment I am
> quite
> busy reworking some broken patches and other stuff, but will have a look at
> that
> occasionally.

That would be cool. It uses the standard python urllib2 module which supports
SSL. I am just not sure if it would follow the redirect properly. Needs some
testing.

https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/fireinfo.git/tree/src/sendprofile

> Using HTTPS on fireinfo an mirrors might be a good idea since a (even passive)
> attacker can see a lot of information by simply looking at the network traffic
> (Which version is the firewall running? Which architecture and network zones
> are in use? And so on.)

Our default mirror only supports HTTPS from now on and will redirect. However,
the load-balancer will only redirect to HTTP which will then redirect to HTTPS.
That's not ideal.

I need to add this here:
  https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire.org.git/tree/webapp/backend/mirrors.py#n418

It's very easy just to flag in the database which mirrors support HTTPS. But
there will always be a chance that a client is redirected to a mirror that only
supports HTTP.

I already did this for the Pakfire Build Service:
  https://cgit.ipfire.org/pbs.git/commit/?id=3163c789758423fad61335995b206e5af3a25f4f

> Just as a side note: Validating this traffic against DANE records would be
> nice. :-)

Oh I forgot to say that we have TLSA records for everything in here. Probably
nobody validates this, but hey :)

[root(a)mail01 ~]# dig TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org

; <<>> DiG 9.11.1-P3-RedHat-9.11.1-2.P3.fc26 <<>> TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 41901
;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;_443._tcp.www.ipfire.org.      IN      TLSA

;; ANSWER SECTION:
_443._tcp.www.ipfire.org. 21599 IN      CNAME   _letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org.
_letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org. 21599 IN TLSA    2 1 1 60B87575447DCBA2A36B7D11AC09FB24A9DB406FEE12D2CC90180517 616E8A18

;; Query time: 99 msec
;; SERVER: 172.28.1.1#53(172.28.1.1)
;; WHEN: Thu Oct 26 12:11:06 CEST 2017
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 133

> > 
> > * LE deployed on mail01.i.ipfire.org (Postfix + Dovecot)
> 
> Yep, seems to work.
> 
> However, a client certificate in Postfix is still missing:
> 
> Received: from mail01.ipfire.org (mail01.ipfire.org [81.3.27.42])
> 	(using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits))
> -->	(Client did not present a certificate) <--
> 	[etc.]
> 
> In your main.cf, it can be enabled by using:
> 
> smtp_tls_cert_file = /Path/to/your/certificate
> smtp_tls_key_file = /Path/to/your/private/key
> 
> You might want not only to query client certificates, but also validate
> them. To do so, use:
> 
> smtpd_tls_CAfile = /Path/to/certificate/block
> 
> This requires all trusted intermediate certificates to be put together
> in one file, as far as I can remember.
> 
> (See http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#smtpd_tls_CAfile for details)

I didn't have that set. Set it to this now:
  smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt

> I did not test the mail server's cipherlist, but I hope it is secure for
> both SMTP server and client. :-)

Probably not :)

I think we both should walk through the configuration together...

> > * LE deployed on im01.i.ipfire.org which runs Prosody, our XMPP server
> > 
> > * I enabled HSTS for all web services since all of them are forcing the
> > browser
> > to use HTTPS.
> 
> How about the IPFire mirrors? If one of them (i.e. "mirror1.ipfire.org")
> supports
> HTTPS, are the systems following the 30x redirects? In the future maybe
> hardcoding
> the protocol might be a good idea: If a mirror supports HTTPS, we use it
> there.

See above. And yes, clients follow a large number of redirects.
Firefox follows 20.

> But that is only a minor thing.
> 
> In general, HSTS is very nice to have here. :-)
> > 
> > * We only allow TLS 1.2 for web.
> 
> It seems like the key size is 2048 bits. Although this is not critical, I
> would
> recommend to move to 4096 bits at the next key rollover.

Well, I didn't check. Because security wasn't really what I had in mind here.
Our old keys were 4096 bits long. I didn't even know this could be changed.

> Let's Encrypt announced to support ECDSA in early 2018, so at that time we
> could
> also use dual-stack RSA and ECDSA, as we are doing with IPFire in Core Update
> 115.

They promised a lot. Let's see :)

> > * Since everything is on SSL now, I also enabled HTTP/2.0.
> > 
> > * I also enabled OCSP stapling.
> 
> Excellent.
> > 
> > The nginx configuration file looks as follows:
> > 
> >   # Enable TLS 1.2 only
> >   ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
> > 
> >   # Enable protection against BEAST attacks
> >   ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
> >   ssl_ciphers "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-
> > SHA384:ECDHE-
> >   ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-
> > GCM-
> >   SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-
> > AES256-
> >   SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256";
> 
> Apparently there is an issue here: SSL Labs does not display the Chacha/Poly
> cipher.
> Perhaps nginx is linked against OpenSSL 1.0.x ?

The web server is running openssl 1.0.2k. Unfortunately it is still on Fedora 24
which I need to update as soon as I can.

> I am not sure if we should prioritise this cipher suite over AES since it is
> safe
> too, but seems to faster on devices without AES-NI and a small CPU, such as
> Android smartphones. Decision is up to you.

I got this from Mozilla, so I thought they considered this.

> >   # Enable session caching
> >   ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
> >   ssl_session_timeout 1d;
> > 
> >   # Enable Certificate Stapling
> >   ssl_stapling on;
> >   ssl_stapling_verify on;
> >   resolver 172.28.1.1;
> > 
> >   # HSTS (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
> >   add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
> > 
> > This is inspired by the Mozilla recommendations.
> > 
> > So please guys, have a test. I am quite sure that although this is quite a
> > "modern" configuration all recent web browsers should work fine. If you are
> > on
> > IE6, you are fucked. Tough luck.
> 
> Yes, I think supporting legacy clients is not a very good idea. Of course,
> there
> are some scenarios where you must do so (big company website, or anything
> else),
> but for this, I consider it safe.
> 
> Food for thoughts: Is there anything against updating OpenSSL to 1.1.x in
> IPFire?
> That way, we could also use Chacha/Poly there and disable TLS 1.0, but I am
> not
> sure how many clients will be broken by this.

I don't think there is nothing that is stopping us any more. For quite some time
nothing built against OpenSSL 1.1 since they changed a lot in the API. Of course
we will still need to ship 1.0.1 because loads of things link against it.

Before we also shipped OpenSSL 0.9.8 for quite a while until it was
discontinued:

https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire-2.x.git/commit/lfs/openssl-compat?id=45ff420ec7e3
ad522dc6d0e53837a6e1951407fc

About disabling TLS 1.0. I am all for it, but it needs some good testing. One
common scenario is that people use Postfix as a mail relay to deliver emails to
an internal Exchange server. Those often require RC4 and MD5. I think that is
Exchange 2003. This is bad and ugly but this is what people are using in 2017.
And we need to be able to enable these ciphers optionally when they are
required.

However, we should have strong defaults.

> > But if you find anything that should work, please let me know. You can also
> > run
> > some scanners against it and see what happens. I did a few and they show A+
> > rating which is what we are looking for.
> > 
> > Anything that I have forgotten to enable which could benefit security?
> 
> Not that I am aware of at the moment (besides the stuff mentioned above).
> Great job!

Cool!

-Michael

> 
> Best regards,
> Peter Müller
> > 
> > Looking for your input :)
> > 
> > Best,
> > -Michael
> > 
> > On Mon, 2017-09-25 at 17:48 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > > Hello Michael,
> > >   
> > > > Hi,
> > > > 
> > > > On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:  
> > > > > Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> > > > > 
> > > > > a few thoughts on this from me:
> > > > > 
> > > > > (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> > > > > my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> > > > > default would be a huge security benefit.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> > > > > 
> > > > > Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> > > > > case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> > > > > in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> > > > > by a MITM.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/,
> > > > > but that is another issue.    
> > > > 
> > > > Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
> > > >   https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345  
> > > 
> > > Thanks for the ticket link.  
> > > >   
> > > > > (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> > > > > to have here.
> > > > > 
> > > > > On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> > > > > nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> > > > > certificate signing company.    
> > > > 
> > > > Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have a
> > > > commercial interest and that is it.
> > > >   
> > > > > Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> > > > > which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> > > > > on *.ipfire.org.    
> > > > 
> > > > We do this.
> > > > 
> > > > http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now  
> > > 
> > > I forgot that. Unfortunately, at the moment, "only" mail servers
> > > benefit from this (see below).  
> > > >   
> > > > > On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> > > > > (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> > > > > certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> > > > > nearly every user will see a certificate warning.    
> > > > 
> > > > Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that can
> > > > show an icon and that's it.
> > > > 
> > > > We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
> > > > signed certificate.  
> > > 
> > > As far as I am concerned, there are two different approaches to TLS:
> > > 
> > > (a) If you are running a mail server, TLS is mostly used in opportunistic
> > > mode, and certificates are not that important. The idea behind this
> > > is to prevent plaintext transport of e-mails, that's why so many big
> > > MX still support weak ciphers such as 3DES. (Personally, I am not a
> > > fan of opportunistic TLS since it only protects against passive attackers
> > > and one has to use ancient algorithms. At least RC4-MD5 finally
> > > disappeared...)
> > > 
> > > So, a self-signed certificate for a MX is no problem - at least, not
> > > a big one. Only a few MX actually ask for a client certificate, and even
> > > less systems are configured to present any.
> > > 
> > > (b) Web browsers have a completely different view on this: They first
> > > check the certificate against the DNS name, and if they match, encryption
> > > can be started. On the other hand, in case they see an untrusted
> > > certificate
> > > for whatever reason, everything becomes bad very quickly.
> > > 
> > > Integrity is much more important here in order to protect the users
> > > against active (MITM) attackers.
> > > 
> > > Because of this, I would prefer certs signed by well-known CAs for public
> > > web sites.
> > >   
> > > >   
> > > > > Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> > > > > web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> > > > > DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> > > > > rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.    
> > > > 
> > > > I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts some
> > > > big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.  
> > > 
> > > Partly I think. DANE depends on DNSSEC, and I remember some user
> > > complaints
> > > that their ISPs filter DNS queries to external name servers without
> > > using it on their own systems.  
> > > > 
> > > > Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in the
> > > > money.  
> > > 
> > > Without being very deep into this, I assume you are right.  
> > > >   
> > > > > So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> > > > > IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.    
> > > > 
> > > > Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.
> > > >   
> > > > > Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> > > > > actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> > > > > a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> > > > > certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> > > > > to store the exception permanently.
> > > > > 
> > > > > In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> > > > > the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> > > > > identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> > > > > user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> > > > > an the attacker won.
> > > > > 
> > > > > To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> > > > > against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Nobody will do so.    
> > > > 
> > > > Agreed.
> > > >   
> > > > > (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> > > > > having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> > > > > for public web services:    
> > > > 
> > > > I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's Encrypt
> > > > can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail server,
> > > > etc.  
> > > 
> > > This depends on the actual network (especially DNS) configuration.
> > > If the server does not have a public IP, but is configured in the DNS,
> > > LE can validate it without a direct connection:
> > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/cert-for-intranet/6337/4 
> > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/on-the-state-of-the-dns-01-challenge
> > > /480
> > > 5  
> > > >   
> > > > > As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> > > > > companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> > > > > (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> > > > > off business by their customers or the web browser developers.    
> > > > 
> > > > So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job? Just
> > > > because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?
> > > >   
> > > > > You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> > > > > belongs to the person who claims so.
> > > > > 
> > > > > In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> > > > > what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> > > > > private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> > > > > browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:    
> > > > 
> > > > So let's split all of this:
> > > >   
> > > > > - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)    
> > > > 
> > > > We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
> > > > sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be replaced
> > > > very very quickly.  
> > > 
> > > I remember a trick here: If you do not rotate the private key every
> > > time LE's signature expires, the public one also stays the same -
> > > and the TLSA record does not need to be changed.
> > > 
> > > Can't find the link right now...  
> > > >   
> > > > > - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> > > > > certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
> > > > > some day)    
> > > > 
> > > > I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is not a
> > > > big thing. Will do that soon.  
> > > 
> > > Thanks.  
> > > >   
> > > > > - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)    
> > > > 
> > > > Who wants to take care of this?  
> > > 
> > > Actually, HSTS is quite easy to deploy since it only tells web browsers
> > > to enforce TLS on a certain site. So, if there are no dependencies
> > > (unencrypted external resources, ad servers, ...), you can just set it
> > > up and forget it. :-)  
> > > >   
> > > > > - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> > > > > [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)    
> > > > 
> > > > Same.  
> > > 
> > > Indeed, HPKP is more complicated, it is like DANE without DNS.
> > > Further, some security experts (such as Ivan Ristic) argue that
> > > it might become dangerous in case of misconfiguration.  
> > > > 
> > > > And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?
> > > >   
> > > > > Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> > > > > a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> > > > > mentioned methods are implemented.    
> > > > 
> > > > LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.  
> > > 
> > > "Going out of business" was relating to CAs, not to IPFire. But
> > > yes, it would be very sad if this project disappears.  
> > > >   
> > > > > Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> > > > > they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> > > > > Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> > > > > EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> > > > > means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> > > > > of DigiNotar.    
> > > > 
> > > > I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have been
> > > > trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other things
> > > > and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in spending
> > > > the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as: They
> > > > are not worse than those.  
> > > 
> > > I don't want to fight either; but I am afraid I did not fully
> > > understand your point concerning the trust/distrust of public CAs
> > > (except for obvious reasons like security breaches).  
> > > >   
> > > > > To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> > > > > not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> > > > > browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> > > > > making it easier to deploy HTTPS.    
> > > > 
> > > > Let's do it then.  
> > > 
> > > All right. :-)  
> > > > 
> > > > I need some support here, because I am running out of time.  
> > > 
> > > Which web server are you running? At the moment, I am only using
> > > Apache and could provide some support here.
> > > 
> > > Best regards,
> > > Peter Müller  
> > > >   
> > > > > Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Best regards,
> > > > > Peter Müller    
> > > > 
> > > > -Michael  
> > > 
> > >   
> 
> 

[-- Attachment #2: signature.asc --]
[-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --]

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org

[Peter Müller]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 25067 bytes --]

Hello Michael,

> Thanks for the input. Let's go through it bit by bit...
> 
> On Wed, 2017-10-25 at 22:12 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > Hello Michael,
> >   
> > > Hello altogether,
> > > 
> > > to bring some movement into this I went ahead and installed Let's Encrypt
> > > certificates pretty much everywhere (with exception of the internal services
> > > like LDAP).
> > > 
> > > There you have it. I did it. I bit the bullet.  
> > 
> > Thank you very much. :-) I really appreciate this.  
> > > 
> > > It literally took me days since we have so many subdomains and I issued one
> > > certificate per domain which makes it easier to renew and revoke them if
> > > needed.
> > > They also throttled me to only issue a small number of certificates per
> > > week.
> > > 
> > > But in summary these things have changed (I would like to get some feedback
> > > from
> > > you since you all have probably a little bit more experience with a few
> > > things
> > > than I have):
> > > 
> > > * LE deployed for all web services with the exception of boot.ipfire.org and
> > > fireinfo.
> > > 
> > > iPXE doesn't really support HTTPS that well and I shipped a new version of
> > > it
> > > that at least downloads some certificates (although it cannot really
> > > validate
> > > them - it can only check than a CA exists I think).  
> > 
> > Hmmm, that is not very good - of course, everything is better than plaintext,
> > but without validating the certificates...
> > 
> > How widely is iPXE used?  
> 
> Loads of people use it. Probably every VM runs it :)
> 
> I enabled this: http://ipxe.org/cfg/crosscert
> 
> https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/ipfire-netboot.git/commit/?id=871fc3184ad5ece1633833f169e771629306ed94
> 
> I just found out that is has cross-signed all CAs in that folder with their own
> CA that is baked into the image, so they can verify if the CA they downloaded is
> actually trusted or not. It's not perfect, but I think it is good enough.
> 
> It is possible to bake in a CA into the image, but I didn't want to set it to LE
> and nothing else and there is not enough space in the image to import the usual
> CA bundle. I think the final image cannot be larger than 1M and the current
> IPFire CA bundle that we ship is about 700k.
That is another item on my list: To check the certificate bundle and throw out
outdated and suspicious - such as BlueCoat, CINNIC, etc. - ones. But this requires
some spare time, which I lack at the moment. :-)
> 
> http://ipxe.org/crypto
> 
> > > 
> > > Same with fireinfo. I have no idea if the profiles can be sent properly over
> > > HTTPS without touching the client first.  
> > 
> > I guess we need to implement that in the clients first. At the moment I am
> > quite
> > busy reworking some broken patches and other stuff, but will have a look at
> > that
> > occasionally.  
> 
> That would be cool. It uses the standard python urllib2 module which supports
> SSL. I am just not sure if it would follow the redirect properly. Needs some
> testing.
> 
> https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/fireinfo.git/tree/src/sendprofile
> 
> > Using HTTPS on fireinfo an mirrors might be a good idea since a (even passive)
> > attacker can see a lot of information by simply looking at the network traffic
> > (Which version is the firewall running? Which architecture and network zones
> > are in use? And so on.)  
> 
> Our default mirror only supports HTTPS from now on and will redirect. However,
> the load-balancer will only redirect to HTTP which will then redirect to HTTPS.
> That's not ideal.
> 
> I need to add this here:
>   https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire.org.git/tree/webapp/backend/mirrors.py#n418
> 
> It's very easy just to flag in the database which mirrors support HTTPS. But
> there will always be a chance that a client is redirected to a mirror that only
> supports HTTP.
Maybe the mirror hosters change this if we notify them. (Side question: What does
the '*' at https://mirrors.ipfire.org/ mean? It seems to be somewhat random...)

We could also ship a pakfire mirror list with information about the HTTPS state
of a mirror - and prevent the firewalls being redirected to plaintext if a mirror
supports HTTPS.
> 
> I already did this for the Pakfire Build Service:
>   https://cgit.ipfire.org/pbs.git/commit/?id=3163c789758423fad61335995b206e5af3a25f4f
> 
> > Just as a side note: Validating this traffic against DANE records would be
> > nice. :-)  
> 
> Oh I forgot to say that we have TLSA records for everything in here. Probably
> nobody validates this, but hey :)
Well, there is a browser plugin for FF, which crashes surprisingly seldom on my
machine. :-)
> 
> [root(a)mail01 ~]# dig TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org
> 
> ; <<>> DiG 9.11.1-P3-RedHat-9.11.1-2.P3.fc26 <<>> TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org
> ;; global options: +cmd
> ;; Got answer:
> ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 41901
> ;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
> 
> ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
> ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
> ;; QUESTION SECTION:
> ;_443._tcp.www.ipfire.org.      IN      TLSA
> 
> ;; ANSWER SECTION:
> _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org. 21599 IN      CNAME   _letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org.
> _letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org. 21599 IN TLSA    2 1 1 60B87575447DCBA2A36B7D11AC09FB24A9DB406FEE12D2CC90180517 616E8A18
> 
> ;; Query time: 99 msec
> ;; SERVER: 172.28.1.1#53(172.28.1.1)
> ;; WHEN: Thu Oct 26 12:11:06 CEST 2017
> ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 133
> 
> > > 
> > > * LE deployed on mail01.i.ipfire.org (Postfix + Dovecot)  
> > 
> > Yep, seems to work.
> > 
> > However, a client certificate in Postfix is still missing:
> > 
> > Received: from mail01.ipfire.org (mail01.ipfire.org [81.3.27.42])
> > 	(using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits))  
> > -->	(Client did not present a certificate) <--  
> > 	[etc.]
> > 
> > In your main.cf, it can be enabled by using:
> > 
> > smtp_tls_cert_file = /Path/to/your/certificate
> > smtp_tls_key_file = /Path/to/your/private/key
> > 
> > You might want not only to query client certificates, but also validate
> > them. To do so, use:
> > 
> > smtpd_tls_CAfile = /Path/to/certificate/block
> > 
> > This requires all trusted intermediate certificates to be put together
> > in one file, as far as I can remember.
> > 
> > (See http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#smtpd_tls_CAfile for details)  
> 
> I didn't have that set. Set it to this now:
>   smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
Okay, so this mail should have a "(Verified OK)" somewhere at a Received-header...
> 
> > I did not test the mail server's cipherlist, but I hope it is secure for
> > both SMTP server and client. :-)  
> 
> Probably not :)
> 
> I think we both should walk through the configuration together...
Okay.
> 
> > > * LE deployed on im01.i.ipfire.org which runs Prosody, our XMPP server
> > > 
> > > * I enabled HSTS for all web services since all of them are forcing the
> > > browser
> > > to use HTTPS.  
> > 
> > How about the IPFire mirrors? If one of them (i.e. "mirror1.ipfire.org")
> > supports
> > HTTPS, are the systems following the 30x redirects? In the future maybe
> > hardcoding
> > the protocol might be a good idea: If a mirror supports HTTPS, we use it
> > there.  
> 
> See above. And yes, clients follow a large number of redirects.
> Firefox follows 20.
> 
> > But that is only a minor thing.
> > 
> > In general, HSTS is very nice to have here. :-)  
> > > 
> > > * We only allow TLS 1.2 for web.  
> > 
> > It seems like the key size is 2048 bits. Although this is not critical, I
> > would
> > recommend to move to 4096 bits at the next key rollover.  
> 
> Well, I didn't check. Because security wasn't really what I had in mind here.
> Our old keys were 4096 bits long. I didn't even know this could be changed.
> 
> > Let's Encrypt announced to support ECDSA in early 2018, so at that time we
> > could
> > also use dual-stack RSA and ECDSA, as we are doing with IPFire in Core Update
> > 115.  
> 
> They promised a lot. Let's see :)
> 
> > > * Since everything is on SSL now, I also enabled HTTP/2.0.
> > > 
> > > * I also enabled OCSP stapling.  
> > 
> > Excellent.  
> > > 
> > > The nginx configuration file looks as follows:
> > > 
> > >   # Enable TLS 1.2 only
> > >   ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
> > > 
> > >   # Enable protection against BEAST attacks
> > >   ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
> > >   ssl_ciphers "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-
> > > SHA384:ECDHE-
> > >   ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-
> > > GCM-
> > >   SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-
> > > AES256-
> > >   SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256";  
> > 
> > Apparently there is an issue here: SSL Labs does not display the Chacha/Poly
> > cipher.
> > Perhaps nginx is linked against OpenSSL 1.0.x ?  
> 
> The web server is running openssl 1.0.2k. Unfortunately it is still on Fedora 24
> which I need to update as soon as I can.
It seems like you have done so meanwhile, since SSLLabs now shows Chacha/Poly, too.
> 
> > I am not sure if we should prioritise this cipher suite over AES since it is
> > safe
> > too, but seems to faster on devices without AES-NI and a small CPU, such as
> > Android smartphones. Decision is up to you.  
> 
> I got this from Mozilla, so I thought they considered this.
Yes, as far as I can remember, there was a discussion about this on some Mozilla
mailing list.
> 
> > >   # Enable session caching
> > >   ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
> > >   ssl_session_timeout 1d;
> > > 
> > >   # Enable Certificate Stapling
> > >   ssl_stapling on;
> > >   ssl_stapling_verify on;
> > >   resolver 172.28.1.1;
> > > 
> > >   # HSTS (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
> > >   add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
> > > 
> > > This is inspired by the Mozilla recommendations.
> > > 
> > > So please guys, have a test. I am quite sure that although this is quite a
> > > "modern" configuration all recent web browsers should work fine. If you are
> > > on
> > > IE6, you are fucked. Tough luck.  
> > 
> > Yes, I think supporting legacy clients is not a very good idea. Of course,
> > there
> > are some scenarios where you must do so (big company website, or anything
> > else),
> > but for this, I consider it safe.
> > 
> > Food for thoughts: Is there anything against updating OpenSSL to 1.1.x in
> > IPFire?
> > That way, we could also use Chacha/Poly there and disable TLS 1.0, but I am
> > not
> > sure how many clients will be broken by this.  
> 
> I don't think there is nothing that is stopping us any more. For quite some time
> nothing built against OpenSSL 1.1 since they changed a lot in the API. Of course
> we will still need to ship 1.0.1 because loads of things link against it.
> 
> Before we also shipped OpenSSL 0.9.8 for quite a while until it was
> discontinued:
> 
> https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire-2.x.git/commit/lfs/openssl-compat?id=45ff420ec7e3
> ad522dc6d0e53837a6e1951407fc
This is my opinion, too. Of couse, shipping to version of one program is ugly,
but I consider this safe here if OpenSSL 1.1.x breaks some things entirely.
> 
> About disabling TLS 1.0. I am all for it, but it needs some good testing. One
> common scenario is that people use Postfix as a mail relay to deliver emails to
> an internal Exchange server. Those often require RC4 and MD5. I think that is
> Exchange 2003. This is bad and ugly but this is what people are using in 2017.
> And we need to be able to enable these ciphers optionally when they are
> required.
As far as I am concerned, you have to manually build OpenSSL 1.1.x with RC4 support,
by default it does not support it anymore.

TLS with mailservers is always somewhat special since its goal is completely
different from TLS used at web services. Mail servers want to prevent plain text
transfer (protection against a passive attacker), and here, a weak encryption is
better than none.

Of course, I would be grateful if these old Exchange instances disappear...
> 
> However, we should have strong defaults.
> 
> > > But if you find anything that should work, please let me know. You can also
> > > run
> > > some scanners against it and see what happens. I did a few and they show A+
> > > rating which is what we are looking for.
> > > 
> > > Anything that I have forgotten to enable which could benefit security?  
> > 
> > Not that I am aware of at the moment (besides the stuff mentioned above).
> > Great job!  
> 
> Cool!
> 
> -Michael
> 
> > 
> > Best regards,
> > Peter Müller  
> > > 
> > > Looking for your input :)
> > > 
> > > Best,
> > > -Michael
> > > 
> > > On Mon, 2017-09-25 at 17:48 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:  
> > > > Hello Michael,
> > > >     
> > > > > Hi,
> > > > > 
> > > > > On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:    
> > > > > > Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > a few thoughts on this from me:
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> > > > > > my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> > > > > > default would be a huge security benefit.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> > > > > > case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> > > > > > in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> > > > > > by a MITM.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/,
> > > > > > but that is another issue.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
> > > > >   https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345    
> > > > 
> > > > Thanks for the ticket link.    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> > > > > > to have here.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> > > > > > nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> > > > > > certificate signing company.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have a
> > > > > commercial interest and that is it.
> > > > >     
> > > > > > Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> > > > > > which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> > > > > > on *.ipfire.org.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > We do this.
> > > > > 
> > > > > http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now    
> > > > 
> > > > I forgot that. Unfortunately, at the moment, "only" mail servers
> > > > benefit from this (see below).    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> > > > > > (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> > > > > > certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> > > > > > nearly every user will see a certificate warning.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that can
> > > > > show an icon and that's it.
> > > > > 
> > > > > We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
> > > > > signed certificate.    
> > > > 
> > > > As far as I am concerned, there are two different approaches to TLS:
> > > > 
> > > > (a) If you are running a mail server, TLS is mostly used in opportunistic
> > > > mode, and certificates are not that important. The idea behind this
> > > > is to prevent plaintext transport of e-mails, that's why so many big
> > > > MX still support weak ciphers such as 3DES. (Personally, I am not a
> > > > fan of opportunistic TLS since it only protects against passive attackers
> > > > and one has to use ancient algorithms. At least RC4-MD5 finally
> > > > disappeared...)
> > > > 
> > > > So, a self-signed certificate for a MX is no problem - at least, not
> > > > a big one. Only a few MX actually ask for a client certificate, and even
> > > > less systems are configured to present any.
> > > > 
> > > > (b) Web browsers have a completely different view on this: They first
> > > > check the certificate against the DNS name, and if they match, encryption
> > > > can be started. On the other hand, in case they see an untrusted
> > > > certificate
> > > > for whatever reason, everything becomes bad very quickly.
> > > > 
> > > > Integrity is much more important here in order to protect the users
> > > > against active (MITM) attackers.
> > > > 
> > > > Because of this, I would prefer certs signed by well-known CAs for public
> > > > web sites.
> > > >     
> > > > >     
> > > > > > Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> > > > > > web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> > > > > > DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> > > > > > rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts some
> > > > > big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.    
> > > > 
> > > > Partly I think. DANE depends on DNSSEC, and I remember some user
> > > > complaints
> > > > that their ISPs filter DNS queries to external name servers without
> > > > using it on their own systems.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in the
> > > > > money.    
> > > > 
> > > > Without being very deep into this, I assume you are right.    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> > > > > > IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.
> > > > >     
> > > > > > Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> > > > > > actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> > > > > > a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> > > > > > certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> > > > > > to store the exception permanently.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> > > > > > the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> > > > > > identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> > > > > > user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> > > > > > an the attacker won.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> > > > > > against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Nobody will do so.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Agreed.
> > > > >     
> > > > > > (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> > > > > > having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> > > > > > for public web services:      
> > > > > 
> > > > > I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's Encrypt
> > > > > can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail server,
> > > > > etc.    
> > > > 
> > > > This depends on the actual network (especially DNS) configuration.
> > > > If the server does not have a public IP, but is configured in the DNS,
> > > > LE can validate it without a direct connection:
> > > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/cert-for-intranet/6337/4 
> > > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/on-the-state-of-the-dns-01-challenge
> > > > /480
> > > > 5    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> > > > > > companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> > > > > > (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> > > > > > off business by their customers or the web browser developers.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job? Just
> > > > > because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?
> > > > >     
> > > > > > You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> > > > > > belongs to the person who claims so.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> > > > > > what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> > > > > > private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> > > > > > browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:      
> > > > > 
> > > > > So let's split all of this:
> > > > >     
> > > > > > - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)      
> > > > > 
> > > > > We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
> > > > > sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be replaced
> > > > > very very quickly.    
> > > > 
> > > > I remember a trick here: If you do not rotate the private key every
> > > > time LE's signature expires, the public one also stays the same -
> > > > and the TLSA record does not need to be changed.
> > > > 
> > > > Can't find the link right now...    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> > > > > > certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
> > > > > > some day)      
> > > > > 
> > > > > I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is not a
> > > > > big thing. Will do that soon.    
> > > > 
> > > > Thanks.    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Who wants to take care of this?    
> > > > 
> > > > Actually, HSTS is quite easy to deploy since it only tells web browsers
> > > > to enforce TLS on a certain site. So, if there are no dependencies
> > > > (unencrypted external resources, ad servers, ...), you can just set it
> > > > up and forget it. :-)    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> > > > > > [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Same.    
> > > > 
> > > > Indeed, HPKP is more complicated, it is like DANE without DNS.
> > > > Further, some security experts (such as Ivan Ristic) argue that
> > > > it might become dangerous in case of misconfiguration.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?
> > > > >     
> > > > > > Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> > > > > > a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> > > > > > mentioned methods are implemented.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.    
> > > > 
> > > > "Going out of business" was relating to CAs, not to IPFire. But
> > > > yes, it would be very sad if this project disappears.    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> > > > > > they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> > > > > > Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> > > > > > EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> > > > > > means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> > > > > > of DigiNotar.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have been
> > > > > trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other things
> > > > > and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in spending
> > > > > the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as: They
> > > > > are not worse than those.    
> > > > 
> > > > I don't want to fight either; but I am afraid I did not fully
> > > > understand your point concerning the trust/distrust of public CAs
> > > > (except for obvious reasons like security breaches).    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> > > > > > not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> > > > > > browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> > > > > > making it easier to deploy HTTPS.      
> > > > > 
> > > > > Let's do it then.    
> > > > 
> > > > All right. :-)    
> > > > > 
> > > > > I need some support here, because I am running out of time.    
> > > > 
> > > > Which web server are you running? At the moment, I am only using
> > > > Apache and could provide some support here.
> > > > 
> > > > Best regards,
> > > > Peter Müller    
> > > > >     
> > > > > > Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Best regards,
> > > > > > Peter Müller      
> > > > > 
> > > > > -Michael    
> > > > 
> > > >     
> > 
> >   

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org

[Michael Tremer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 29332 bytes --]

Hi,

On Thu, 2017-10-26 at 21:24 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> Hello Michael,
> 
> > Thanks for the input. Let's go through it bit by bit...
> > 
> > On Wed, 2017-10-25 at 22:12 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > > Hello Michael,
> > >   
> > > > Hello altogether,
> > > > 
> > > > to bring some movement into this I went ahead and installed Let's
> > > > Encrypt
> > > > certificates pretty much everywhere (with exception of the internal
> > > > services
> > > > like LDAP).
> > > > 
> > > > There you have it. I did it. I bit the bullet.  
> > > 
> > > Thank you very much. :-) I really appreciate this.  
> > > > 
> > > > It literally took me days since we have so many subdomains and I issued
> > > > one
> > > > certificate per domain which makes it easier to renew and revoke them if
> > > > needed.
> > > > They also throttled me to only issue a small number of certificates per
> > > > week.
> > > > 
> > > > But in summary these things have changed (I would like to get some
> > > > feedback
> > > > from
> > > > you since you all have probably a little bit more experience with a few
> > > > things
> > > > than I have):
> > > > 
> > > > * LE deployed for all web services with the exception of boot.ipfire.org
> > > > and
> > > > fireinfo.
> > > > 
> > > > iPXE doesn't really support HTTPS that well and I shipped a new version
> > > > of
> > > > it
> > > > that at least downloads some certificates (although it cannot really
> > > > validate
> > > > them - it can only check than a CA exists I think).  
> > > 
> > > Hmmm, that is not very good - of course, everything is better than
> > > plaintext,
> > > but without validating the certificates...
> > > 
> > > How widely is iPXE used?  
> > 
> > Loads of people use it. Probably every VM runs it :)
> > 
> > I enabled this: http://ipxe.org/cfg/crosscert
> > 
> > https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/ipfire-netboot.git/commit/?id=871fc3184ad5e
> > ce1633833f169e771629306ed94
> > 
> > I just found out that is has cross-signed all CAs in that folder with their
> > own
> > CA that is baked into the image, so they can verify if the CA they
> > downloaded is
> > actually trusted or not. It's not perfect, but I think it is good enough.
> > 
> > It is possible to bake in a CA into the image, but I didn't want to set it
> > to LE
> > and nothing else and there is not enough space in the image to import the
> > usual
> > CA bundle. I think the final image cannot be larger than 1M and the current
> > IPFire CA bundle that we ship is about 700k.
> 
> That is another item on my list: To check the certificate bundle and throw out
> outdated and suspicious - such as BlueCoat, CINNIC, etc. - ones. But this
> requires
> some spare time, which I lack at the moment. :-)

We get it from Mozilla but it hasn't been updated in quite some time now. We
probably need to do a better job with it and if you would put yourself forward
as a maintainer that would be amazing.

However, going through this is probably not going to let you sleep well. There
is scary stuff in it, but I do not see that it makes sense to filter this out
manually. The chance to miss something is too high.

But if you have good ideas, let's talk about them...

> > 
> > http://ipxe.org/crypto
> > 
> > > > 
> > > > Same with fireinfo. I have no idea if the profiles can be sent properly
> > > > over
> > > > HTTPS without touching the client first.  
> > > 
> > > I guess we need to implement that in the clients first. At the moment I am
> > > quite
> > > busy reworking some broken patches and other stuff, but will have a look
> > > at
> > > that
> > > occasionally.  
> > 
> > That would be cool. It uses the standard python urllib2 module which
> > supports
> > SSL. I am just not sure if it would follow the redirect properly. Needs some
> > testing.
> > 
> > https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/fireinfo.git/tree/src/sendprofile
> > 
> > > Using HTTPS on fireinfo an mirrors might be a good idea since a (even
> > > passive)
> > > attacker can see a lot of information by simply looking at the network
> > > traffic
> > > (Which version is the firewall running? Which architecture and network
> > > zones
> > > are in use? And so on.)  
> > 
> > Our default mirror only supports HTTPS from now on and will redirect.
> > However,
> > the load-balancer will only redirect to HTTP which will then redirect to
> > HTTPS.
> > That's not ideal.
> > 
> > I need to add this here:
> >   https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire.org.git/tree/webapp/backend/mirrors.py#n418
> > 
> > It's very easy just to flag in the database which mirrors support HTTPS. But
> > there will always be a chance that a client is redirected to a mirror that
> > only
> > supports HTTP.
> 
> Maybe the mirror hosters change this if we notify them. (Side question: What
> does
> the '*' at https://mirrors.ipfire.org/ mean? It seems to be somewhat
> random...)

It means that you will be redirected to one of those mirrors. They are "close"
to you according to your GeoIP location.

Probably this needs some updating since it is quite slow. The Pakfire Build
Service uses a better and quite simple approach which seems to work well.

> We could also ship a pakfire mirror list with information about the HTTPS
> state
> of a mirror - and prevent the firewalls being redirected to plaintext if a
> mirror
> supports HTTPS.

Yes, if you dare to touch the old Pakfire :)

> > 
> > I already did this for the Pakfire Build Service:
> >   https://cgit.ipfire.org/pbs.git/commit/?id=3163c789758423fad61335995b206e5
> > af3a25f4f
> > 
> > > Just as a side note: Validating this traffic against DANE records would be
> > > nice. :-)  
> > 
> > Oh I forgot to say that we have TLSA records for everything in here.
> > Probably
> > nobody validates this, but hey :)
> 
> Well, there is a browser plugin for FF, which crashes surprisingly seldom on
> my
> machine. :-)

I used to use that, but just the icon doesn't really help much. And for
stability and performance of my system I uninstalled this some time ago.

> > 
> > [root(a)mail01 ~]# dig TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org
> > 
> > ; <<>> DiG 9.11.1-P3-RedHat-9.11.1-2.P3.fc26 <<>> TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfire.
> > org
> > ;; global options: +cmd
> > ;; Got answer:
> > ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 41901
> > ;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
> > 
> > ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
> > ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
> > ;; QUESTION SECTION:
> > ;_443._tcp.www.ipfire.org.      IN      TLSA
> > 
> > ;; ANSWER SECTION:
> > _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org. 21599
> > IN      CNAME   _letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org.
> > _letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org. 21599 IN TLSA    2 1 1
> > 60B87575447DCBA2A36B7D11AC09FB24A9DB406FEE12D2CC90180517 616E8A18
> > 
> > ;; Query time: 99 msec
> > ;; SERVER: 172.28.1.1#53(172.28.1.1)
> > ;; WHEN: Thu Oct 26 12:11:06 CEST 2017
> > ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 133
> > 
> > > > 
> > > > * LE deployed on mail01.i.ipfire.org (Postfix + Dovecot)  
> > > 
> > > Yep, seems to work.
> > > 
> > > However, a client certificate in Postfix is still missing:
> > > 
> > > Received: from mail01.ipfire.org (mail01.ipfire.org [81.3.27.42])
> > > 	(using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits))  
> > > -->	(Client did not present a certificate) <--  
> > > 	[etc.]
> > > 
> > > In your main.cf, it can be enabled by using:
> > > 
> > > smtp_tls_cert_file = /Path/to/your/certificate
> > > smtp_tls_key_file = /Path/to/your/private/key
> > > 
> > > You might want not only to query client certificates, but also validate
> > > them. To do so, use:
> > > 
> > > smtpd_tls_CAfile = /Path/to/certificate/block
> > > 
> > > This requires all trusted intermediate certificates to be put together
> > > in one file, as far as I can remember.
> > > 
> > > (See http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#smtpd_tls_CAfile for
> > > details)  
> > 
> > I didn't have that set. Set it to this now:
> >   smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
> 
> Okay, so this mail should have a "(Verified OK)" somewhere at a Received-
> header...

It does when you send an email from gmail.com to your IPFire email address for
example. I think this looks correct now.

> > 
> > > I did not test the mail server's cipherlist, but I hope it is secure for
> > > both SMTP server and client. :-)  
> > 
> > Probably not :)
> > 
> > I think we both should walk through the configuration together...
> 
> Okay.

Cool.

> > 
> > > > * LE deployed on im01.i.ipfire.org which runs Prosody, our XMPP server
> > > > 
> > > > * I enabled HSTS for all web services since all of them are forcing the
> > > > browser
> > > > to use HTTPS.  
> > > 
> > > How about the IPFire mirrors? If one of them (i.e. "mirror1.ipfire.org")
> > > supports
> > > HTTPS, are the systems following the 30x redirects? In the future maybe
> > > hardcoding
> > > the protocol might be a good idea: If a mirror supports HTTPS, we use it
> > > there.  
> > 
> > See above. And yes, clients follow a large number of redirects.
> > Firefox follows 20.
> > 
> > > But that is only a minor thing.
> > > 
> > > In general, HSTS is very nice to have here. :-)  
> > > > 
> > > > * We only allow TLS 1.2 for web.  
> > > 
> > > It seems like the key size is 2048 bits. Although this is not critical, I
> > > would
> > > recommend to move to 4096 bits at the next key rollover.  
> > 
> > Well, I didn't check. Because security wasn't really what I had in mind
> > here.
> > Our old keys were 4096 bits long. I didn't even know this could be changed.
> > 
> > > Let's Encrypt announced to support ECDSA in early 2018, so at that time we
> > > could
> > > also use dual-stack RSA and ECDSA, as we are doing with IPFire in Core
> > > Update
> > > 115.  
> > 
> > They promised a lot. Let's see :)
> > 
> > > > * Since everything is on SSL now, I also enabled HTTP/2.0.
> > > > 
> > > > * I also enabled OCSP stapling.  
> > > 
> > > Excellent.  
> > > > 
> > > > The nginx configuration file looks as follows:
> > > > 
> > > >   # Enable TLS 1.2 only
> > > >   ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
> > > > 
> > > >   # Enable protection against BEAST attacks
> > > >   ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
> > > >   ssl_ciphers "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-
> > > > SHA384:ECDHE-
> > > >   ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-
> > > > AES128-
> > > > GCM-
> > > >   SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-
> > > > RSA-
> > > > AES256-
> > > >   SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256";  
> > > 
> > > Apparently there is an issue here: SSL Labs does not display the
> > > Chacha/Poly
> > > cipher.
> > > Perhaps nginx is linked against OpenSSL 1.0.x ?  
> > 
> > The web server is running openssl 1.0.2k. Unfortunately it is still on
> > Fedora 24
> > which I need to update as soon as I can.
> 
> It seems like you have done so meanwhile, since SSLLabs now shows Chacha/Poly,
> too.

Yes, I did. Also manually verified this. We are on OpenSSL 1.1.x now.

> > 
> > > I am not sure if we should prioritise this cipher suite over AES since it
> > > is
> > > safe
> > > too, but seems to faster on devices without AES-NI and a small CPU, such
> > > as
> > > Android smartphones. Decision is up to you.  
> > 
> > I got this from Mozilla, so I thought they considered this.
> 
> Yes, as far as I can remember, there was a discussion about this on some
> Mozilla
> mailing list.
> > 
> > > >   # Enable session caching
> > > >   ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
> > > >   ssl_session_timeout 1d;
> > > > 
> > > >   # Enable Certificate Stapling
> > > >   ssl_stapling on;
> > > >   ssl_stapling_verify on;
> > > >   resolver 172.28.1.1;
> > > > 
> > > >   # HSTS (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
> > > >   add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
> > > > 
> > > > This is inspired by the Mozilla recommendations.
> > > > 
> > > > So please guys, have a test. I am quite sure that although this is quite
> > > > a
> > > > "modern" configuration all recent web browsers should work fine. If you
> > > > are
> > > > on
> > > > IE6, you are fucked. Tough luck.  
> > > 
> > > Yes, I think supporting legacy clients is not a very good idea. Of course,
> > > there
> > > are some scenarios where you must do so (big company website, or anything
> > > else),
> > > but for this, I consider it safe.
> > > 
> > > Food for thoughts: Is there anything against updating OpenSSL to 1.1.x in
> > > IPFire?
> > > That way, we could also use Chacha/Poly there and disable TLS 1.0, but I
> > > am
> > > not
> > > sure how many clients will be broken by this.  
> > 
> > I don't think there is nothing that is stopping us any more. For quite some
> > time
> > nothing built against OpenSSL 1.1 since they changed a lot in the API. Of
> > course
> > we will still need to ship 1.0.1 because loads of things link against it.
> > 
> > Before we also shipped OpenSSL 0.9.8 for quite a while until it was
> > discontinued:
> > 
> > https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire-2.x.git/commit/lfs/openssl-compat?id=45ff420e
> > c7e3
> > ad522dc6d0e53837a6e1951407fc
> 
> This is my opinion, too. Of couse, shipping to version of one program is ugly,
> but I consider this safe here if OpenSSL 1.1.x breaks some things entirely.

I would prefer to have the entire system to build against the new one, but
sometime people compile their own software and run it on IPFire. To not break
that, we usually ship the old libraries for quite a while.

We removed openssl 0.9.8 because it wasn't patched any more.

> > 
> > About disabling TLS 1.0. I am all for it, but it needs some good testing.
> > One
> > common scenario is that people use Postfix as a mail relay to deliver emails
> > to
> > an internal Exchange server. Those often require RC4 and MD5. I think that
> > is
> > Exchange 2003. This is bad and ugly but this is what people are using in
> > 2017.
> > And we need to be able to enable these ciphers optionally when they are
> > required.
> 
> As far as I am concerned, you have to manually build OpenSSL 1.1.x with RC4
> support,
> by default it does not support it anymore.

My honest opinion here is that this is how it should be.

Anyone who relies on it needs to stop using it. Right now. It's not a *nice to
have*. It's wrong and bad and ugly.

But unfortunately I get the phone calls where people complain about this not
being supported any more. So there has to be some sort of trade-off.

I probably exaggerated this example a little bit too much, but there is
certainly some patches in the system where we had to downgrade security a little
for better compatibility. This is always difficult, but things like RC4 are not
a question for me. I know what I would decide.

> TLS with mailservers is always somewhat special since its goal is completely
> different from TLS used at web services. Mail servers want to prevent plain
> text
> transfer (protection against a passive attacker), and here, a weak encryption
> is
> better than none.

Maybe, but the question then is: Does RC4 still qualify as "encryption" where a
passive attack is so simple to perform? It is a way of scrambling the data but
that is about it.

> Of course, I would be grateful if these old Exchange instances disappear...

Yes, and we have to work towards that by announcing that we are going to
discontinue support for certain things then.

-Michael

> > 
> > However, we should have strong defaults.
> > 
> > > > But if you find anything that should work, please let me know. You can
> > > > also
> > > > run
> > > > some scanners against it and see what happens. I did a few and they show
> > > > A+
> > > > rating which is what we are looking for.
> > > > 
> > > > Anything that I have forgotten to enable which could benefit security?  
> > > 
> > > Not that I am aware of at the moment (besides the stuff mentioned above).
> > > Great job!  
> > 
> > Cool!
> > 
> > -Michael
> > 
> > > 
> > > Best regards,
> > > Peter Müller  
> > > > 
> > > > Looking for your input :)
> > > > 
> > > > Best,
> > > > -Michael
> > > > 
> > > > On Mon, 2017-09-25 at 17:48 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:  
> > > > > Hello Michael,
> > > > >     
> > > > > > Hi,
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:    
> > > > > > > Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > a few thoughts on this from me:
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> > > > > > > my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> > > > > > > default would be a huge security benefit.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> > > > > > > case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> > > > > > > in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> > > > > > > by a MITM.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.org/
> > > > > > > ,
> > > > > > > but that is another issue.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
> > > > > >   https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Thanks for the ticket link.    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> > > > > > > to have here.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> > > > > > > nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> > > > > > > certificate signing company.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have a
> > > > > > commercial interest and that is it.
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> > > > > > > which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> > > > > > > on *.ipfire.org.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > We do this.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now    
> > > > > 
> > > > > I forgot that. Unfortunately, at the moment, "only" mail servers
> > > > > benefit from this (see below).    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> > > > > > > (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> > > > > > > certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> > > > > > > nearly every user will see a certificate warning.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that
> > > > > > can
> > > > > > show an icon and that's it.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
> > > > > > signed certificate.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > As far as I am concerned, there are two different approaches to TLS:
> > > > > 
> > > > > (a) If you are running a mail server, TLS is mostly used in
> > > > > opportunistic
> > > > > mode, and certificates are not that important. The idea behind this
> > > > > is to prevent plaintext transport of e-mails, that's why so many big
> > > > > MX still support weak ciphers such as 3DES. (Personally, I am not a
> > > > > fan of opportunistic TLS since it only protects against passive
> > > > > attackers
> > > > > and one has to use ancient algorithms. At least RC4-MD5 finally
> > > > > disappeared...)
> > > > > 
> > > > > So, a self-signed certificate for a MX is no problem - at least, not
> > > > > a big one. Only a few MX actually ask for a client certificate, and
> > > > > even
> > > > > less systems are configured to present any.
> > > > > 
> > > > > (b) Web browsers have a completely different view on this: They first
> > > > > check the certificate against the DNS name, and if they match,
> > > > > encryption
> > > > > can be started. On the other hand, in case they see an untrusted
> > > > > certificate
> > > > > for whatever reason, everything becomes bad very quickly.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Integrity is much more important here in order to protect the users
> > > > > against active (MITM) attackers.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Because of this, I would prefer certs signed by well-known CAs for
> > > > > public
> > > > > web sites.
> > > > >     
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> > > > > > > web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> > > > > > > DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> > > > > > > rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts
> > > > > > some
> > > > > > big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Partly I think. DANE depends on DNSSEC, and I remember some user
> > > > > complaints
> > > > > that their ISPs filter DNS queries to external name servers without
> > > > > using it on their own systems.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > money.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Without being very deep into this, I assume you are right.    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> > > > > > > IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> > > > > > > actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> > > > > > > a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> > > > > > > certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> > > > > > > to store the exception permanently.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> > > > > > > the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> > > > > > > identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> > > > > > > user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> > > > > > > an the attacker won.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> > > > > > > against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Nobody will do so.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Agreed.
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> > > > > > > having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> > > > > > > for public web services:      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's
> > > > > > Encrypt
> > > > > > can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail
> > > > > > server,
> > > > > > etc.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > This depends on the actual network (especially DNS) configuration.
> > > > > If the server does not have a public IP, but is configured in the DNS,
> > > > > LE can validate it without a direct connection:
> > > > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/cert-for-intranet/6337/4 
> > > > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/on-the-state-of-the-dns-01-chall
> > > > > enge
> > > > > /480
> > > > > 5    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> > > > > > > companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> > > > > > > (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> > > > > > > off business by their customers or the web browser
> > > > > > > developers.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job?
> > > > > > Just
> > > > > > because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> > > > > > > belongs to the person who claims so.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> > > > > > > what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> > > > > > > private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> > > > > > > browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such as:      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > So let's split all of this:
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
> > > > > > sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be
> > > > > > replaced
> > > > > > very very quickly.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > I remember a trick here: If you do not rotate the private key every
> > > > > time LE's signature expires, the public one also stays the same -
> > > > > and the TLSA record does not need to be changed.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Can't find the link right now...    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> > > > > > > certificates for this site, might be supported by common browsers
> > > > > > > some day)      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is not
> > > > > > a
> > > > > > big thing. Will do that soon.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Thanks.    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Who wants to take care of this?    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Actually, HSTS is quite easy to deploy since it only tells web
> > > > > browsers
> > > > > to enforce TLS on a certain site. So, if there are no dependencies
> > > > > (unencrypted external resources, ad servers, ...), you can just set it
> > > > > up and forget it. :-)    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> > > > > > > [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Same.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Indeed, HPKP is more complicated, it is like DANE without DNS.
> > > > > Further, some security experts (such as Ivan Ristic) argue that
> > > > > it might become dangerous in case of misconfiguration.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> > > > > > > a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> > > > > > > mentioned methods are implemented.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > "Going out of business" was relating to CAs, not to IPFire. But
> > > > > yes, it would be very sad if this project disappears.    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> > > > > > > they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> > > > > > > Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> > > > > > > EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> > > > > > > means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> > > > > > > of DigiNotar.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have
> > > > > > been
> > > > > > trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other
> > > > > > things
> > > > > > and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in spending
> > > > > > the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as:
> > > > > > They
> > > > > > are not worse than those.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > I don't want to fight either; but I am afraid I did not fully
> > > > > understand your point concerning the trust/distrust of public CAs
> > > > > (except for obvious reasons like security breaches).    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> > > > > > > not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> > > > > > > browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> > > > > > > making it easier to deploy HTTPS.      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Let's do it then.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > All right. :-)    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I need some support here, because I am running out of time.    
> > > > > 
> > > > > Which web server are you running? At the moment, I am only using
> > > > > Apache and could provide some support here.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Best regards,
> > > > > Peter Müller    
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Best regards,
> > > > > > > Peter Müller      
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > -Michael    
> > > > > 
> > > > >     
> > > 
> > >   
> 
> 

[-- Attachment #2: signature.asc --]
[-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --]

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org

[Michael Tremer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 31836 bytes --]

First regression! That was a long time, but someone found something:

iPXE does TLS1.2, but no PFS. Doesn't seem to be implemented at all.

  https://forum.ipfire.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=20232&p=113946#p113946

I enabled "AES256-SHA256" for the moment to get it working again, but I suppose
that is not a permanent solution.

What do you guys think about allowing non-PFS cipher suites on
downloads.ipfire.org, boot.ipfire.org and mirror1.ipfire.org?

-Michael

On Fri, 2017-10-27 at 15:44 +0100, Michael Tremer wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> On Thu, 2017-10-26 at 21:24 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > Hello Michael,
> > 
> > > Thanks for the input. Let's go through it bit by bit...
> > > 
> > > On Wed, 2017-10-25 at 22:12 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:
> > > > Hello Michael,
> > > >   
> > > > > Hello altogether,
> > > > > 
> > > > > to bring some movement into this I went ahead and installed Let's
> > > > > Encrypt
> > > > > certificates pretty much everywhere (with exception of the internal
> > > > > services
> > > > > like LDAP).
> > > > > 
> > > > > There you have it. I did it. I bit the bullet.  
> > > > 
> > > > Thank you very much. :-) I really appreciate this.  
> > > > > 
> > > > > It literally took me days since we have so many subdomains and I
> > > > > issued
> > > > > one
> > > > > certificate per domain which makes it easier to renew and revoke them
> > > > > if
> > > > > needed.
> > > > > They also throttled me to only issue a small number of certificates
> > > > > per
> > > > > week.
> > > > > 
> > > > > But in summary these things have changed (I would like to get some
> > > > > feedback
> > > > > from
> > > > > you since you all have probably a little bit more experience with a
> > > > > few
> > > > > things
> > > > > than I have):
> > > > > 
> > > > > * LE deployed for all web services with the exception of
> > > > > boot.ipfire.org
> > > > > and
> > > > > fireinfo.
> > > > > 
> > > > > iPXE doesn't really support HTTPS that well and I shipped a new
> > > > > version
> > > > > of
> > > > > it
> > > > > that at least downloads some certificates (although it cannot really
> > > > > validate
> > > > > them - it can only check than a CA exists I think).  
> > > > 
> > > > Hmmm, that is not very good - of course, everything is better than
> > > > plaintext,
> > > > but without validating the certificates...
> > > > 
> > > > How widely is iPXE used?  
> > > 
> > > Loads of people use it. Probably every VM runs it :)
> > > 
> > > I enabled this: http://ipxe.org/cfg/crosscert
> > > 
> > > https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/ipfire-netboot.git/commit/?id=871fc3184ad
> > > 5e
> > > ce1633833f169e771629306ed94
> > > 
> > > I just found out that is has cross-signed all CAs in that folder with
> > > their
> > > own
> > > CA that is baked into the image, so they can verify if the CA they
> > > downloaded is
> > > actually trusted or not. It's not perfect, but I think it is good enough.
> > > 
> > > It is possible to bake in a CA into the image, but I didn't want to set it
> > > to LE
> > > and nothing else and there is not enough space in the image to import the
> > > usual
> > > CA bundle. I think the final image cannot be larger than 1M and the
> > > current
> > > IPFire CA bundle that we ship is about 700k.
> > 
> > That is another item on my list: To check the certificate bundle and throw
> > out
> > outdated and suspicious - such as BlueCoat, CINNIC, etc. - ones. But this
> > requires
> > some spare time, which I lack at the moment. :-)
> 
> We get it from Mozilla but it hasn't been updated in quite some time now. We
> probably need to do a better job with it and if you would put yourself forward
> as a maintainer that would be amazing.
> 
> However, going through this is probably not going to let you sleep well. There
> is scary stuff in it, but I do not see that it makes sense to filter this out
> manually. The chance to miss something is too high.
> 
> But if you have good ideas, let's talk about them...
> 
> > > 
> > > http://ipxe.org/crypto
> > > 
> > > > > 
> > > > > Same with fireinfo. I have no idea if the profiles can be sent
> > > > > properly
> > > > > over
> > > > > HTTPS without touching the client first.  
> > > > 
> > > > I guess we need to implement that in the clients first. At the moment I
> > > > am
> > > > quite
> > > > busy reworking some broken patches and other stuff, but will have a look
> > > > at
> > > > that
> > > > occasionally.  
> > > 
> > > That would be cool. It uses the standard python urllib2 module which
> > > supports
> > > SSL. I am just not sure if it would follow the redirect properly. Needs
> > > some
> > > testing.
> > > 
> > > https://cgit.ipfire.org/oddments/fireinfo.git/tree/src/sendprofile
> > > 
> > > > Using HTTPS on fireinfo an mirrors might be a good idea since a (even
> > > > passive)
> > > > attacker can see a lot of information by simply looking at the network
> > > > traffic
> > > > (Which version is the firewall running? Which architecture and network
> > > > zones
> > > > are in use? And so on.)  
> > > 
> > > Our default mirror only supports HTTPS from now on and will redirect.
> > > However,
> > > the load-balancer will only redirect to HTTP which will then redirect to
> > > HTTPS.
> > > That's not ideal.
> > > 
> > > I need to add this here:
> > >   https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire.org.git/tree/webapp/backend/mirrors.py#n4
> > > 18
> > > 
> > > It's very easy just to flag in the database which mirrors support HTTPS.
> > > But
> > > there will always be a chance that a client is redirected to a mirror that
> > > only
> > > supports HTTP.
> > 
> > Maybe the mirror hosters change this if we notify them. (Side question: What
> > does
> > the '*' at https://mirrors.ipfire.org/ mean? It seems to be somewhat
> > random...)
> 
> It means that you will be redirected to one of those mirrors. They are "close"
> to you according to your GeoIP location.
> 
> Probably this needs some updating since it is quite slow. The Pakfire Build
> Service uses a better and quite simple approach which seems to work well.
> 
> > We could also ship a pakfire mirror list with information about the HTTPS
> > state
> > of a mirror - and prevent the firewalls being redirected to plaintext if a
> > mirror
> > supports HTTPS.
> 
> Yes, if you dare to touch the old Pakfire :)
> 
> > > 
> > > I already did this for the Pakfire Build Service:
> > >   https://cgit.ipfire.org/pbs.git/commit/?id=3163c789758423fad61335995b206
> > > e5
> > > af3a25f4f
> > > 
> > > > Just as a side note: Validating this traffic against DANE records would
> > > > be
> > > > nice. :-)  
> > > 
> > > Oh I forgot to say that we have TLSA records for everything in here.
> > > Probably
> > > nobody validates this, but hey :)
> > 
> > Well, there is a browser plugin for FF, which crashes surprisingly seldom on
> > my
> > machine. :-)
> 
> I used to use that, but just the icon doesn't really help much. And for
> stability and performance of my system I uninstalled this some time ago.
> 
> > > 
> > > [root(a)mail01 ~]# dig TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org
> > > 
> > > ; <<>> DiG 9.11.1-P3-RedHat-9.11.1-2.P3.fc26 <<>> TLSA _443._tcp.www.ipfir
> > > e.
> > > org
> > > ;; global options: +cmd
> > > ;; Got answer:
> > > ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 41901
> > > ;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
> > > 
> > > ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
> > > ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
> > > ;; QUESTION SECTION:
> > > ;_443._tcp.www.ipfire.org.      IN      TLSA
> > > 
> > > ;; ANSWER SECTION:
> > > _443._tcp.www.ipfire.org. 21599
> > > IN      CNAME   _letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org.
> > > _letsencrypt.certs.ipfire.org. 21599 IN TLSA    2 1 1
> > > 60B87575447DCBA2A36B7D11AC09FB24A9DB406FEE12D2CC90180517 616E8A18
> > > 
> > > ;; Query time: 99 msec
> > > ;; SERVER: 172.28.1.1#53(172.28.1.1)
> > > ;; WHEN: Thu Oct 26 12:11:06 CEST 2017
> > > ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 133
> > > 
> > > > > 
> > > > > * LE deployed on mail01.i.ipfire.org (Postfix + Dovecot)  
> > > > 
> > > > Yep, seems to work.
> > > > 
> > > > However, a client certificate in Postfix is still missing:
> > > > 
> > > > Received: from mail01.ipfire.org (mail01.ipfire.org [81.3.27.42])
> > > > 	(using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256
> > > > bits))  
> > > > -->	(Client did not present a certificate) <--  
> > > > 	[etc.]
> > > > 
> > > > In your main.cf, it can be enabled by using:
> > > > 
> > > > smtp_tls_cert_file = /Path/to/your/certificate
> > > > smtp_tls_key_file = /Path/to/your/private/key
> > > > 
> > > > You might want not only to query client certificates, but also validate
> > > > them. To do so, use:
> > > > 
> > > > smtpd_tls_CAfile = /Path/to/certificate/block
> > > > 
> > > > This requires all trusted intermediate certificates to be put together
> > > > in one file, as far as I can remember.
> > > > 
> > > > (See http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#smtpd_tls_CAfile for
> > > > details)  
> > > 
> > > I didn't have that set. Set it to this now:
> > >   smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
> > 
> > Okay, so this mail should have a "(Verified OK)" somewhere at a Received-
> > header...
> 
> It does when you send an email from gmail.com to your IPFire email address for
> example. I think this looks correct now.
> 
> > > 
> > > > I did not test the mail server's cipherlist, but I hope it is secure for
> > > > both SMTP server and client. :-)  
> > > 
> > > Probably not :)
> > > 
> > > I think we both should walk through the configuration together...
> > 
> > Okay.
> 
> Cool.
> 
> > > 
> > > > > * LE deployed on im01.i.ipfire.org which runs Prosody, our XMPP server
> > > > > 
> > > > > * I enabled HSTS for all web services since all of them are forcing
> > > > > the
> > > > > browser
> > > > > to use HTTPS.  
> > > > 
> > > > How about the IPFire mirrors? If one of them (i.e. "mirror1.ipfire.org")
> > > > supports
> > > > HTTPS, are the systems following the 30x redirects? In the future maybe
> > > > hardcoding
> > > > the protocol might be a good idea: If a mirror supports HTTPS, we use it
> > > > there.  
> > > 
> > > See above. And yes, clients follow a large number of redirects.
> > > Firefox follows 20.
> > > 
> > > > But that is only a minor thing.
> > > > 
> > > > In general, HSTS is very nice to have here. :-)  
> > > > > 
> > > > > * We only allow TLS 1.2 for web.  
> > > > 
> > > > It seems like the key size is 2048 bits. Although this is not critical,
> > > > I
> > > > would
> > > > recommend to move to 4096 bits at the next key rollover.  
> > > 
> > > Well, I didn't check. Because security wasn't really what I had in mind
> > > here.
> > > Our old keys were 4096 bits long. I didn't even know this could be
> > > changed.
> > > 
> > > > Let's Encrypt announced to support ECDSA in early 2018, so at that time
> > > > we
> > > > could
> > > > also use dual-stack RSA and ECDSA, as we are doing with IPFire in Core
> > > > Update
> > > > 115.  
> > > 
> > > They promised a lot. Let's see :)
> > > 
> > > > > * Since everything is on SSL now, I also enabled HTTP/2.0.
> > > > > 
> > > > > * I also enabled OCSP stapling.  
> > > > 
> > > > Excellent.  
> > > > > 
> > > > > The nginx configuration file looks as follows:
> > > > > 
> > > > >   # Enable TLS 1.2 only
> > > > >   ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
> > > > > 
> > > > >   # Enable protection against BEAST attacks
> > > > >   ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
> > > > >   ssl_ciphers "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-
> > > > > SHA384:ECDHE-
> > > > >   ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-
> > > > > AES128-
> > > > > GCM-
> > > > >   SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-
> > > > > RSA-
> > > > > AES256-
> > > > >   SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256";  
> > > > 
> > > > Apparently there is an issue here: SSL Labs does not display the
> > > > Chacha/Poly
> > > > cipher.
> > > > Perhaps nginx is linked against OpenSSL 1.0.x ?  
> > > 
> > > The web server is running openssl 1.0.2k. Unfortunately it is still on
> > > Fedora 24
> > > which I need to update as soon as I can.
> > 
> > It seems like you have done so meanwhile, since SSLLabs now shows
> > Chacha/Poly,
> > too.
> 
> Yes, I did. Also manually verified this. We are on OpenSSL 1.1.x now.
> 
> > > 
> > > > I am not sure if we should prioritise this cipher suite over AES since
> > > > it
> > > > is
> > > > safe
> > > > too, but seems to faster on devices without AES-NI and a small CPU, such
> > > > as
> > > > Android smartphones. Decision is up to you.  
> > > 
> > > I got this from Mozilla, so I thought they considered this.
> > 
> > Yes, as far as I can remember, there was a discussion about this on some
> > Mozilla
> > mailing list.
> > > 
> > > > >   # Enable session caching
> > > > >   ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
> > > > >   ssl_session_timeout 1d;
> > > > > 
> > > > >   # Enable Certificate Stapling
> > > > >   ssl_stapling on;
> > > > >   ssl_stapling_verify on;
> > > > >   resolver 172.28.1.1;
> > > > > 
> > > > >   # HSTS (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
> > > > >   add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
> > > > > 
> > > > > This is inspired by the Mozilla recommendations.
> > > > > 
> > > > > So please guys, have a test. I am quite sure that although this is
> > > > > quite
> > > > > a
> > > > > "modern" configuration all recent web browsers should work fine. If
> > > > > you
> > > > > are
> > > > > on
> > > > > IE6, you are fucked. Tough luck.  
> > > > 
> > > > Yes, I think supporting legacy clients is not a very good idea. Of
> > > > course,
> > > > there
> > > > are some scenarios where you must do so (big company website, or
> > > > anything
> > > > else),
> > > > but for this, I consider it safe.
> > > > 
> > > > Food for thoughts: Is there anything against updating OpenSSL to 1.1.x
> > > > in
> > > > IPFire?
> > > > That way, we could also use Chacha/Poly there and disable TLS 1.0, but I
> > > > am
> > > > not
> > > > sure how many clients will be broken by this.  
> > > 
> > > I don't think there is nothing that is stopping us any more. For quite
> > > some
> > > time
> > > nothing built against OpenSSL 1.1 since they changed a lot in the API. Of
> > > course
> > > we will still need to ship 1.0.1 because loads of things link against it.
> > > 
> > > Before we also shipped OpenSSL 0.9.8 for quite a while until it was
> > > discontinued:
> > > 
> > > https://cgit.ipfire.org/ipfire-2.x.git/commit/lfs/openssl-compat?id=45ff42
> > > 0e
> > > c7e3
> > > ad522dc6d0e53837a6e1951407fc
> > 
> > This is my opinion, too. Of couse, shipping to version of one program is
> > ugly,
> > but I consider this safe here if OpenSSL 1.1.x breaks some things entirely.
> 
> I would prefer to have the entire system to build against the new one, but
> sometime people compile their own software and run it on IPFire. To not break
> that, we usually ship the old libraries for quite a while.
> 
> We removed openssl 0.9.8 because it wasn't patched any more.
> 
> > > 
> > > About disabling TLS 1.0. I am all for it, but it needs some good testing.
> > > One
> > > common scenario is that people use Postfix as a mail relay to deliver
> > > emails
> > > to
> > > an internal Exchange server. Those often require RC4 and MD5. I think that
> > > is
> > > Exchange 2003. This is bad and ugly but this is what people are using in
> > > 2017.
> > > And we need to be able to enable these ciphers optionally when they are
> > > required.
> > 
> > As far as I am concerned, you have to manually build OpenSSL 1.1.x with RC4
> > support,
> > by default it does not support it anymore.
> 
> My honest opinion here is that this is how it should be.
> 
> Anyone who relies on it needs to stop using it. Right now. It's not a *nice to
> have*. It's wrong and bad and ugly.
> 
> But unfortunately I get the phone calls where people complain about this not
> being supported any more. So there has to be some sort of trade-off.
> 
> I probably exaggerated this example a little bit too much, but there is
> certainly some patches in the system where we had to downgrade security a
> little
> for better compatibility. This is always difficult, but things like RC4 are
> not
> a question for me. I know what I would decide.
> 
> > TLS with mailservers is always somewhat special since its goal is completely
> > different from TLS used at web services. Mail servers want to prevent plain
> > text
> > transfer (protection against a passive attacker), and here, a weak
> > encryption
> > is
> > better than none.
> 
> Maybe, but the question then is: Does RC4 still qualify as "encryption" where
> a
> passive attack is so simple to perform? It is a way of scrambling the data but
> that is about it.
> 
> > Of course, I would be grateful if these old Exchange instances disappear...
> 
> Yes, and we have to work towards that by announcing that we are going to
> discontinue support for certain things then.
> 
> -Michael
> 
> > > 
> > > However, we should have strong defaults.
> > > 
> > > > > But if you find anything that should work, please let me know. You can
> > > > > also
> > > > > run
> > > > > some scanners against it and see what happens. I did a few and they
> > > > > show
> > > > > A+
> > > > > rating which is what we are looking for.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Anything that I have forgotten to enable which could benefit
> > > > > security?  
> > > > 
> > > > Not that I am aware of at the moment (besides the stuff mentioned
> > > > above).
> > > > Great job!  
> > > 
> > > Cool!
> > > 
> > > -Michael
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > Best regards,
> > > > Peter Müller  
> > > > > 
> > > > > Looking for your input :)
> > > > > 
> > > > > Best,
> > > > > -Michael
> > > > > 
> > > > > On Mon, 2017-09-25 at 17:48 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:  
> > > > > > Hello Michael,
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > > Hi,
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > On Fri, 2017-09-15 at 22:26 +0200, Peter Müller wrote:    
> > > > > > > > Hello Michael, hello Matthias,
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > a few thoughts on this from me:
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > (1) @Michael: Thank you for having a look at this. In
> > > > > > > > my opinion, enabling HTTPS on all *.ipfire.org sites by
> > > > > > > > default would be a huge security benefit.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > Of course, this needs time and testing, so no pressure. :-)
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > Especially on download sites HTTPS would be nice in
> > > > > > > > case someone verifies the downloaded ISO - when transmitted
> > > > > > > > in plaintext, both image and checksum might be modified
> > > > > > > > by a MITM.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > Further, there is still SHA1 in use on http://download.ipfire.or
> > > > > > > > g/
> > > > > > > > ,
> > > > > > > > but that is another issue.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Indeed it is. We have ticket for that:
> > > > > > >   https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11345    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Thanks for the ticket link.    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > (2) Speaking about the CAs: I do not know what opinion
> > > > > > > > to have here.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > On the one hand, using your own project CA is good since
> > > > > > > > nobody except the visitors has to rely on some external
> > > > > > > > certificate signing company.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Agreed. I do not trust any of those public CAs - at all. They have
> > > > > > > a
> > > > > > > commercial interest and that is it.
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > Publishing the TLSA-records tells everyone that this CA -
> > > > > > > > which is untrusted by all current browsers - is legitimate
> > > > > > > > on *.ipfire.org.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > We do this.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > http://planet.ipfire.org/post/ipfire-org-is-signed-now    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I forgot that. Unfortunately, at the moment, "only" mail servers
> > > > > > benefit from this (see below).    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > On the other hand, there are two points against it:
> > > > > > > > (a) Nobody actually uses TLSA/DANE for validating web site
> > > > > > > > certificates (this is different when it comes to SMTP). So,
> > > > > > > > nearly every user will see a certificate warning.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Indeed not a single browser is verifying it. There is plugins that
> > > > > > > can
> > > > > > > show an icon and that's it.
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > We also do this for our mail server which does not have a publicly
> > > > > > > signed certificate.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > As far as I am concerned, there are two different approaches to TLS:
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > (a) If you are running a mail server, TLS is mostly used in
> > > > > > opportunistic
> > > > > > mode, and certificates are not that important. The idea behind this
> > > > > > is to prevent plaintext transport of e-mails, that's why so many big
> > > > > > MX still support weak ciphers such as 3DES. (Personally, I am not a
> > > > > > fan of opportunistic TLS since it only protects against passive
> > > > > > attackers
> > > > > > and one has to use ancient algorithms. At least RC4-MD5 finally
> > > > > > disappeared...)
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > So, a self-signed certificate for a MX is no problem - at least, not
> > > > > > a big one. Only a few MX actually ask for a client certificate, and
> > > > > > even
> > > > > > less systems are configured to present any.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > (b) Web browsers have a completely different view on this: They
> > > > > > first
> > > > > > check the certificate against the DNS name, and if they match,
> > > > > > encryption
> > > > > > can be started. On the other hand, in case they see an untrusted
> > > > > > certificate
> > > > > > for whatever reason, everything becomes bad very quickly.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Integrity is much more important here in order to protect the users
> > > > > > against active (MITM) attackers.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Because of this, I would prefer certs signed by well-known CAs for
> > > > > > public
> > > > > > web sites.
> > > > > >     
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > Personally, i suppose DANE will never be implemented in
> > > > > > > > web browsers. There are too many collisions with the systems
> > > > > > > > DNS service, and network stacks, and the network's firewall
> > > > > > > > rules, and so on. Sad, but that is what we (do not) have.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > I am not convinced that this has technical reasons. It just puts
> > > > > > > some
> > > > > > > big businesses will lose a machine that prints them money.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Partly I think. DANE depends on DNSSEC, and I remember some user
> > > > > > complaints
> > > > > > that their ISPs filter DNS queries to external name servers without
> > > > > > using it on their own systems.    
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Nobody there is interested in the security. They are interested in
> > > > > > > the
> > > > > > > money.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Without being very deep into this, I assume you are right.    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > So, enabling HTTPS on all or at least some very important
> > > > > > > > IPFire sites will cause more user complaints.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Indeed. That is why we don't enforce it.
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > Further, and that is a _very_ big problem in my eyes, it
> > > > > > > > actually decreases transport encryption security: Every time
> > > > > > > > a user accesses *.ipfire.org, he/she/it has to bypass a
> > > > > > > > certificate warning - at least in FF, there is no easy way
> > > > > > > > to store the exception permanently.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > In case a MITM injects his own certificate to break TLS,
> > > > > > > > the user will see a certificate warning which is nearly
> > > > > > > > identical to those shown usually for IPFire's CA. And the
> > > > > > > > user will mostly bypass this - very well-known - warning,
> > > > > > > > an the attacker won.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > To prevent this, you MUST check the certificates checksum
> > > > > > > > against the value you know is legitimate. Every time.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > Nobody will do so.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Agreed.
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > (b) As I mentioned above, I completely understand your point
> > > > > > > > having an own CA. However, I do not think this is so important
> > > > > > > > for public web services:      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > I emphasise here on "web services". I am not even sure if Let's
> > > > > > > Encrypt
> > > > > > > can issue certificates for our internal LDAP server or our mail
> > > > > > > server,
> > > > > > > etc.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > This depends on the actual network (especially DNS) configuration.
> > > > > > If the server does not have a public IP, but is configured in the
> > > > > > DNS,
> > > > > > LE can validate it without a direct connection:
> > > > > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/cert-for-intranet/6337/4 
> > > > > > - https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/on-the-state-of-the-dns-01-cha
> > > > > > ll
> > > > > > enge
> > > > > > /480
> > > > > > 5    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > As far as I am concerned, there is no "trust" in case of CA
> > > > > > > > companies. Some of them showed a really unprofessional behaviour
> > > > > > > > (DigiNotar, WoSign, Symantec, ...) and are/were either kicked
> > > > > > > > off business by their customers or the web browser
> > > > > > > > developers.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > So why would we assume that Let's Encrypt is doing a better job?
> > > > > > > Just
> > > > > > > because they are sponsored by some of the "good guys"?
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > You only "trust" a CA to validate if a certain domain really
> > > > > > > > belongs to the person who claims so.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > In case there is a certificate in use signed by a foreign CA,
> > > > > > > > what should happen? Nobody except the server admin has the
> > > > > > > > private key, and there are many techniques to prevent modern
> > > > > > > > browsers accepting any certificate for your domain, such
> > > > > > > > as:      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > So let's split all of this:
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > - DANE/TLSA (specifies which certificate [chain] is valid)      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > We can just install that for the Let's Encrypt CA. It doesn't make
> > > > > > > sense to have TLSA records for each cert because they will be
> > > > > > > replaced
> > > > > > > very very quickly.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I remember a trick here: If you do not rotate the private key every
> > > > > > time LE's signature expires, the public one also stays the same -
> > > > > > and the TLSA record does not need to be changed.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Can't find the link right now...    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > - CAA (DNS record, rather new, specifies which CAs can issue
> > > > > > > > certificates for this site, might be supported by common
> > > > > > > > browsers
> > > > > > > > some day)      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > I need to implement that in our DNS server software, but that is
> > > > > > > not
> > > > > > > a
> > > > > > > big thing. Will do that soon.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Thanks.    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > - HSTS (preventing a MITM from downgrading to plaintext)      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Who wants to take care of this?    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Actually, HSTS is quite easy to deploy since it only tells web
> > > > > > browsers
> > > > > > to enforce TLS on a certain site. So, if there are no dependencies
> > > > > > (unencrypted external resources, ad servers, ...), you can just set
> > > > > > it
> > > > > > up and forget it. :-)    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > - HPKP (as DANE, but supported by modern browsers, TOFU
> > > > > > > > [Trust On First Use] = first connection must be clean)      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Same.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Indeed, HPKP is more complicated, it is like DANE without DNS.
> > > > > > Further, some security experts (such as Ivan Ristic) argue that
> > > > > > it might become dangerous in case of misconfiguration.    
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > And who would like to create tickets on BZ for all of this?
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > Except from going out of business, I do not see any risk for
> > > > > > > > a web site owner here. That is, in case all or some of the
> > > > > > > > mentioned methods are implemented.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > LOL, we are not a business. We are an Open Source project.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > "Going out of business" was relating to CAs, not to IPFire. But
> > > > > > yes, it would be very sad if this project disappears.    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > Let's Encrypt (LE) seems to be different from other CAs since
> > > > > > > > they use standardised methods and act quite transparently.
> > > > > > > > Further, there are some "major players" behind it (Mozilla,
> > > > > > > > EFF, ...) which have a good reputation. This - hopefully -
> > > > > > > > means that there will be no security breaches like in case
> > > > > > > > of DigiNotar.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > I don't share your hope, but I do not want to fight this. I have
> > > > > > > been
> > > > > > > trialing Let's Encrypt a little bit on some web shops and other
> > > > > > > things
> > > > > > > and it does the job. To be honest I do not see the point in
> > > > > > > spending
> > > > > > > the money on a different vendor of certificates. So take that as:
> > > > > > > They
> > > > > > > are not worse than those.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > I don't want to fight either; but I am afraid I did not fully
> > > > > > understand your point concerning the trust/distrust of public CAs
> > > > > > (except for obvious reasons like security breaches).    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > To come to an end, using LE as a CA for *.ipfire.org will
> > > > > > > > not harm the security of IPFire significantly. It reduces
> > > > > > > > browser alerts and a possible security threat (see above),
> > > > > > > > making it easier to deploy HTTPS.      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > Let's do it then.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > All right. :-)    
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > I need some support here, because I am running out of time.    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Which web server are you running? At the moment, I am only using
> > > > > > Apache and could provide some support here.
> > > > > > 
> > > > > > Best regards,
> > > > > > Peter Müller    
> > > > > > >     
> > > > > > > > Needless to say, DANE/HSTS/CAA are obligatory.
> > > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > > Best regards,
> > > > > > > > Peter Müller      
> > > > > > > 
> > > > > > > -Michael    
> > > > > > 
> > > > > >     
> > > > 
> > > >   

[-- Attachment #2: signature.asc --]
[-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --]

Re: CA and HTTPS usage on *.ipfire.org

[Jeffrey Walton]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 5407 bytes --]

On Mon, Jan 29, 2018 at 7:14 AM, Michael Tremer
<michael.tremer(a)ipfire.org> wrote:
> First regression! That was a long time, but someone found something:
>
> iPXE does TLS1.2, but no PFS. Doesn't seem to be implemented at all.
>
>   https://forum.ipfire.org/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=20232&p=113946#p113946

The problem appears to be iPXE's TLS stack. It is rather anemic...
http://ipxe.org/crypto:

    The exact list of supported cipher suites is
    RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256,
    RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
    RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, and
    RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA

They are all key transport schemes, rather than key exchange schemes.
The RSA_WITH_* tells us the key agreement scheme.

> I enabled "AES256-SHA256" for the moment to get it working again, but I suppose
> that is not a permanent solution.

My gut intuition is, OP in the thread should run a squid proxy. The
internal proxy allows the RSA transport schemes, and external
interface of the proxy uses modern protocols and cipher suites.

Stepping back a bit to what is good for IPFire, then it depends. If
the information being protected is public information like free
downloads, then there's not much to gain from PFS. The attacker
already knows the contents of the communications.

If the information includes user account names and passwords for
services or a wiki, then PFS may be desired. If the comms were from a
dissident in an oppressive regime, then PFS would probably be a "must
have".

> What do you guys think about allowing non-PFS cipher suites on
> downloads.ipfire.org, boot.ipfire.org and mirror1.ipfire.org?

It looks like downloads.ipfire.org is a tad bit tight, and could
probably be loosened a bit. However, the loosening probably won't
bridge the gap between a modern protocols and cipher suite list and
iPXE.

Here is downloads.ipfire.org cipher suite list. It uses an server
certificate with an RSA key.

$ sslscan --no-failed download.ipfire.org
...

Testing SSL server download.ipfire.org on port 443

  ...
  Supported Server Cipher(s):
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  AES256-SHA256
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256

  Preferred Server Cipher(s):
    SSLv3  0 bits    (NONE)
    TLSv1  0 bits    (NONE)
    TLS11  0 bits    (NONE)
    TLS12  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384

You might consider something like the following in your
/etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf :

    SSLProtocol -all +TLSv1 +TLSv1.1 +TLSv1.2
    SSLCipherSuite HIGH:!aNULL:!kRSA:!MD5:!RC4
    Header set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15552001; includeSubdomains;"

The above is from the cryptopp.com website, which is another free/open
source project. It results in server cipher suites like shown below.
The site protects public downloads and wiki passwords. The risk
assessment tells us we are OK with TLS 1.0 through TLS 1.2 and the
list of cipher suites shown below.

The "!kRSA" is the one that ensures PFS (along with non-static DH
keys). kRSA allows key *transport*, which is the one where clients
encrypt their premaster secret with the server's RSA key and then send
it to the server. There is no contributory behavior from the server,
and all keys are derived from the one premaster secret. A compromise
of the RSA key allows recovery of past conversations.

When kRSA is removed, that leaves key exchange. Key *exchange* is DH
and it uses random contributions from both the client and the server.
A RSA key compromise does not allow recovery of past conversations
because the comms were setup with random parameters. The server's RSA
signing key was still used, but it was used to sign the messages and
establish authenticity.

Jeff

$ sslscan --no-failed www.cryptopp.com
  ...

  Supported Server Cipher(s):
    Accepted  TLSv1  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Accepted  TLSv1  256 bits  DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Accepted  TLSv1  256 bits  DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA
    Accepted  TLSv1  128 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
    Accepted  TLSv1  128 bits  DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
    Accepted  TLSv1  128 bits  DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA
    Accepted  TLS11  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Accepted  TLS11  256 bits  DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Accepted  TLS11  256 bits  DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA
    Accepted  TLS11  128 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
    Accepted  TLS11  128 bits  DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
    Accepted  TLS11  128 bits  DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Accepted  TLS12  256 bits  DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
    Accepted  TLS12  128 bits  DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA

Re: [PATCH v2] WebUI: print more information on used nameservers

[Matthias Fischer]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 2734 bytes --]

Hi,

Working on some 'cosmetics', I would suggest to add a few
"align="center=" (Looks somehow better - please see below):

On 08.09.2017 19:58, Peter Müller wrote:
> Show rDNS/PTR entry and country flag of the used nameservers on the
> nameserver status list at "netexternal.cgi".
> 
> These information might be useful for debugging, or are just "nice to
> have" and do not harm anything. :-)
> 
> Changes since v1: Corrected file link to country.cgi and added title to flag.
> Please disregard the first version of this patch.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Peter Müller <peter.mueller(a)link38.eu>
> ---
> diff --git a/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi b/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi
> index 299612d4c..6fe0cc7d6 100644
> --- a/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi
> +++ b/html/cgi-bin/netexternal.cgi
> @@ -25,9 +25,13 @@ use strict;
>  #use warnings;
>  #use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
>  
> +use IO::Socket;
> +use Geo::IP::PurePerl;
> +
>  require '/var/ipfire/general-functions.pl';
>  require "${General::swroot}/lang.pl";
>  require "${General::swroot}/header.pl";
> +require "${General::swroot}/geoip-functions.pl";
>  require "${General::swroot}/graphs.pl";
>  
>  my %color = ();
> @@ -99,6 +103,12 @@ if ( $querry[0] ne~ ""){
>  						<strong>$Lang::tr{'nameserver'}</strong>
>  					</th>
>  					<th align="center">
> +						<strong>$Lang::tr{'flag'}</strong>
> +					</th>
> +					<th align="center">
> +						<strong>$Lang::tr{'rdns'}</strong>
> +					</th>
> +					<th align="center">
>  						<strong>$Lang::tr{'status'}</strong>
>  					</th>
>  				</tr>
> @@ -139,9 +149,22 @@ END
>  
>  		my $table_colour = ($id++ % 2) ? $color{'color22'} : $color{'color20'};
>  
> +		# Get rDNS entry for nameserver (might be useful)
> +		my $iaddr = inet_aton($nameserver);
> +		my $rdns = gethostbyaddr($iaddr, AF_INET);
> +	        if (!$rdns) { $rdns = $Lang::tr{'lookup failed'}; }
> +		
> +		# Get country flag for the nameserver (might be useful)
> +		my $gi = Geo::IP::PurePerl->new();
> +	        my $ccode = $gi->country_code_by_name($nameserver);
> +       		my $fcode = lc($ccode);
> +	        my $flag_icon = &GeoIP::get_flag_icon($fcode);
> +
>  		print <<END;
>  			<tr bgcolor="$table_colour">
>  				<td>$nameserver</td>

Changed to: <td align="center">$nameserver</td>

> +				<td align="center"><a href="country.cgi#$fcode"><img src="$flag_icon" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="$ccode" title="$ccode"></a></td>	
> +				<td>$rdns</td>

Changed to: <td align="center">$rdns</td>

>  				<td bgcolor="$bgcolour" align="center">
>  					<font color="$colour"><strong>$message</strong></font>
>  				</td>
> ...
...

Jm2C! ;-)

Best,
Matthias